Pharmaport Academy

25/01/2026

الووو مساء الخير
👩‍🔬:مساء النور يافندم
👱‍♀️:يافندم ايه بس انا امنية
👩‍🔬 :امنية حبيبتي اخبارك ايه
👱‍♀️ :باقولك يادكتورتنا يامشرفانا
👩‍🔬:استر يارب🤕
👱‍♀️:انا حاسة بغثيان وفيه حبوب بدات تظهرعلى بشرتي
👩‍🔬: امنية انتي بتاخدي اي ادوية ؟
👱‍♀️:انا باخد حبوب منع الحمل المناسبه للرضاعه انت عارفه بنتي لسه بترضع
👩‍🔬ماتقلقيش ياامنية دي اعراض دوا منع الحمل اللي بيستعمل في الرضاعة و مش قبل ٣ شهور لو نفكر نغير دوا منع الحمل لان الاعراض هتخف بالوقت وفيه حاجات ممكن تعمليها تخفف الاعراض شوية زي انك ممكن تاخدي الدوا قبل النوم على طول وبالنسبة للحبوب ماتحاوليش تفتحيها او تقربي منها بعد ال٣ شهور لو الاعراض زادت او حسيتي انك لسه مش مستحملاها تقدري ترجعي للدكتورة تغيره وماتنسيش تاخدي الدوا في معاده عشان تضمني فعاليته
👱‍♀️: ميرسي يادكتورتنا ع المعلومة المهمة دي طمنتيني💓💓💓

For professional pharmacists💪💪💪:

ادوية منع الحمل في الرضاعة تحتوي على progestin فقط مفيش estrogen لان وجوده هياثر على هرمون اللبن prolactin وهيقلل الmilk volume عشان كده اسمها progestin only pills (mini pill)
Side effects :
Nausea
Acne
Mood change
Bloating
Headache
Irregular menstrual cycle
Usually improve within 3 months

25/01/2026

Aminoglycosides
Action
Narrow-spectrum antibiotics that are primarily effective against aerobic gram-negative bacteria.
Disrupts the cell synthesis of protein; cell kill is dependent on the concentration of the medication.
Uses
• Parenteral use (poorly absorbed orally) for treatment of serious infections of the
gastrointestinal, respiratory, and urinary tracts; central nervous system (CNS); bone; skin
and soft tissue, including burns
• Topically for application to eyes, ears, and skin
Contraindication
• History of hypersensitivity or toxic reaction with aminoglycoside antibiotics
Precautions
• Patients who have renal impairment
• History of eighth cranial nerve impairment
• Patients with myasthenia gravis
• Possible fetal damage when given to pregnant and lactating women
Side Effects
• Nephrotoxicity (reversible injury) and ototoxicity (irreversible injury)
• Neuromuscular blockade leading to flaccid paralysis and fatal respiratory depression;
increased risk in patients receiving skeletal muscle relaxants
• Hypersensitivity reactions: rash, urticaria, pruritus
Nursing Implications
1. Peak and trough levels should be assessed. Ototoxicity is associated with persistent high
trough levels, rather than high peak levels.
2. Monitor renal function (e.g., blood urea nitrogen, creatinine levels).
3. Monitor for sensory problems (e.g., loss of hearing).
4. Instruct patients to report tinnitus, high-frequency hearing loss, persistent headache,
nausea, dizziness, vertigo.
5. Anticipate antidote of IV calcium gluconate for treatment of neuromuscular blockade.

25/01/2026

Aminoglycoside Toxicity
Action (Aminoglycoside Antibiotics)
Bactericidal against gram-negative bacteria (narrow-spectrum) and certain gram-positive
organisms. Disrupts bacterial protein synthesis. Is used for serious infections.
Contraindications and Precautions
• History of hypersensitivity or toxic reaction with aminoglycoside antibiotics
• Patients with renal impairment, history of eighth cranial nerve impairment
• Patients with myasthenia gravis
• Neonates
Toxicity
• Nephrotoxicity (reversible injury) and ototoxicity (irreversible injury).
• Neuromuscular blockade can lead to flaccid paralysis, and fatal respiratory depression can
occur in patients receiving skeletal muscle relaxants.
Drug Interactions
• Ethacrynic acid (Edecrin) significantly increases ototoxicity.
• Amphotericin B, cephalosporins, polymyxins, vancomycin, cyclosporine, acetylsalicylic
acid (ASA), and nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) increase risk of
nephrotoxicity.
• Skeletal muscle relaxants and neuromuscular-blocking agents used in surgery increase risk
of neuromuscular blockade.
Nursing Implications
1. Peak and trough levels should be assessed. Ototoxicity is associated with persistent high
trough levels rather than high peak levels.
2. Monitor renal function (e.g., blood urea nitrogen, creatinine levels).
3. Monitor for sensory problems (e.g., loss of hearing).
4. Instruct patients to report tinnitus, high-frequency hearing loss, persistent headache,
nausea, dizziness, vertigo.
5. Anticipate antidote of intravenous (IV) calcium gluconate for treatment of neuromuscular
blockade.

25/01/2026

Antiretrovirals
Actions
• Nucleoside/nucleotide reverse transcriptase inhibitors (NRTIs)—inhibits enzymes required
for human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) replication
• Nonnucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors (NNRTIs)—disrupt enzyme activity
• Protease inhibitor (PI)—inhibits enzyme activity and prevents maturation of virus
• HIV fusion inhibitor—blocks entry of virus into CD4-T cells
• Chemokine receptor 5 antagonist (CCR5)—blocks viral entry; some strains of HIV require
CCR5
Contraindications and Precautions
• Known hypersensitivity and/or intolerable toxicity
Side Effects
• NRTI: anemia and neutropenia from bone marrow suppression, GI upset; rarely lactic
acidosis and hepatic steatosis (fatty liver)
• NNRTI: central nervous system (CNS) symptoms (dizziness, insomnia, drowsiness); rash
may range from mild to severe; check liver function studies
• PI: hyperglycemia, fat maldistribution (pseudo-Cushing syndrome), hyperlipidemia, bone
loss, elevation in serum transaminases (liver injury)
• HIV-fusion inhibitor: injection site reactions, pneumonia, hypersensitivity
• CCR5 antagonist: cough, dizziness, pyrexia, rash, abdominal pain
Nursing Implications
1. Check to see whether medication should be taken with or without food because this varies
with drug classes.
2. Instruct patient to take the full dose and complete treatment regimen.
3. Pregnant women should receive antiretroviral therapy regardless of pregnancy status.
4. Teach patient to report symptoms related to severe rash, CNS issues, elevated blood sugar,
pneumonia.
5. Monitor CD4-T cell count—medications do not cure or kill HIV but slow replication.
Remember, vir at the start, middle, or end of a word means virus: acyclovir, efavirenz,
enfuvirtide, Retrovir, saquinavir (Invirase), maraviroc.

25/01/2026

Quinolones and Tetracyclines—Drug Impact on
Pregnancies
FDA Pregnancy Risk Categories
• Category A: Remote risk of fetal harm
• Category B: Slightly more risk than category A
• Category C: Greater risk than category B
• Category D: Proven risk of fetal harm; labeled as warning
• Category X: Proven risk of fetal harm; labeled as contraindicated
Contraindications
• Women who are pregnant need to take a cautious approach to drug therapy during
pregnancy. The health care provider is responsible for ordering medications that are safe
and appropriate for the ever-changing physiologic dynamics during pregnancy.
• Contraindicated medications can cause detrimental changes in the mother, fetus, and fetal
environment.
• Quinolones (category C) and tetracyclines (category D) are not routinely used during
pregnancy.
Nursing Implications
1. Evaluate patient’s level of understanding about her physiologic, mental, and emotional
conditions.
2. Teach patient to call the prenatal clinic or physician’s office before using any over-the-
counter medications.
3. The patient should not take any medications that have not been specifically approved or
prescribed by her health care provider.
4. Advise patient to avoid all alcoholic beverages during the term of the pregnancy.
5. Advise patient to report any unusual signs or symptoms of reactions to the treatment plan.
Think of the mnemonic MCAT to remember other antibiotics contraindicated in pregnancy. M
—Metronidazole (contraindicated in first trimester; category B—second and third trimesters); C
—Chloramphenicol (category C); A—Aminoglycoside (category C): T—Tetracycline (category D)

21/01/2026

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رابط المحاضرة التعريفيه لبورد الفارماكوثيرابي

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21/01/2026

Cephalosporins
Action
Each generation has increasing bactericidal activity to break down gram-negative bacteria and
anaerobes, as well as to reach the cerebrospinal fluid. Cephalosporins interfere with bacterial cell
wall synthesis and are considered broad-spectrum. The cell weakens, swells, bursts, and dies as a
result of increased osmotic pressure inside the cell. Increased cephalosporin resistance is caused by
production of beta-lactamases.
Uses
Gram-negative and gram-positive bacterial infections; is not active against viral or fungal infections
Caution
Do not use in patients with a severe penicillin allergy (anaphylaxis, hives).
Side Effects (Very Similar to Penicillin)
• Hypersensitivity reactions: rash, pruritus, fever.
• Anorexia, nausea, flatulence, vomiting, diarrhea.
• Can promote a Clostridium difficile infection.
• Severe immediate anaphylactic reactions are rare.
• Ceftriaxone and cefotetan may cause bleeding tendencies.
• Taking cefotetan or cefazolin and drinking alcohol may cause a serious disulfiram-like
reaction.
Nursing Implications
1. Evaluate intramuscular (IM) and intravenous (IV) sites for reaction, such as abscess and
thrombophlebitis. Minimize complication of thrombophlebitis by rotating injection sites
and slowly injecting in a dilute solution.
2. IM injections are frequently painful; forewarn patient.
3. Do not reconstitute ceftriaxone with any calcium diluents (Ringer solution).
4. Notify health care provider (HCP) if diarrhea occurs—can promote development of
Clostridium difficile infection.
5. Monitor renal and hepatic studies throughout therapy.
6. With medications that cause bleeding tendencies, monitor for bleeding.
7. If GI upset occurs, patient can take medication with food.
8. Teach patient to refrigerate oral suspensions.
9. Instruct patient to report any signs of allergy (e.g., skin rash, itching, hives).