Typhoid fever; cause, symptom, treatment and prevention

Typhoid fever; cause, symptom, treatment and prevention Typhoid fever is a bacterial infection that can spread throughout the body, affecting many organs. Anyone else who eats this food may also become infected.
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Without prompt treatment, it can cause serious complications and can be fatal. Vaccination
Typhoid fever is caused by a type of bacteria called Salmonella typhi. This isn't the same bacteria that cause salmonella food poisoning, but the two are related. How the infection spreads
The Salmonella typhi bacteria will be in the poo (stools) of an infected person after they have been to the toilet. If they don't wash their hands properly afterwards, they can contaminate any food they touch. Less commonly, the Salmonella typhi bacteria can be passed out in an infected person's pee (urine). Again, if an infected person handles food without washing their hands properly after peeing, they can spread the infection to someone else who eats the contaminated food. In parts of the world with poor sanitation, infected human waste can contaminate the water supply. People who drink contaminated water or eat food washed in contaminated water can develop typhoid fever. Other ways typhoid fever can be contracted include:

using a toilet contaminated with bacteria and touching your mouth before washing your hands
eating seafood from a water source contaminated by infected poo or pee
eating raw vegetables that have been fertilised with human waste
contaminated milk products
having oral or anal sex with a person who's a carrier of Salmonella typhi bacteria
Carriers
Up to 1 in 20 people who survive typhoid fever without being treated will become carriers of the infection. This means the Salmonella typhi bacteria continue to live in the carrier's body and can be spread as normal in poo or pee, but the carrier doesn't have any noticeable symptoms of the condition. How the bacteria affect the body
After eating food or drinking water contaminated with the Salmonella typhi bacteria, the bacteria moves down into the digestive system, where they will quickly multiply. This triggers a high temperature, stomach pain and constipation or diarrhoea. Left untreated, the bacteria can get into the bloodstream and spread to other areas of the body. This can cause the symptoms of typhoid fever to get worse during the weeks after infection. If organs and tissues become damaged as a result of the infection, it can cause serious complications, such as internal bleeding or a section of the bowel splitting open.

Neutropenic enterocolitis (NEC) is a severe inflammatory disorder of the intestines that occurs in neutropenic patients....
25/02/2023

Neutropenic enterocolitis (NEC) is a severe inflammatory disorder of the intestines that occurs in neutropenic patients. It is a critical condition that is associated with high mortality. Its pathogenesis is not fully understood. The thinking is that NEC occurs due to the translocation of bacteria through weak and friable intestinal mucosa that is damaged by chemotherapy. The diagnosis usually results from findings on abdominal CT in a patient with concerning signs or symptoms of neutropenic enterocolitis. Limited evidence exists regarding the treatment of NEC. Treatment primarily consists of IV antibiotics with bowel rest. Surgery is considered, if needed, for complications.

Typhoid vaccine scheduleA single dose of inactivated typhoid vaccine should be given two weeks before travel, to allow p...
16/12/2022

Typhoid vaccine schedule
A single dose of inactivated typhoid vaccine should be given two weeks before travel, to allow protection to develop fully.
It can be administered with other inactive vaccines - eg, tetanus, poliomyelitis, hepatitis A, meningococcal meningitis, rabies, Japanese B encephalitis and tick-borne encephalitis. It may also be administered at the same time as live vaccines.
Injectable typhoid vaccines given simultaneously should be given at different sites, at least 2.5 cm apart, and preferably in different limbs.
They should be given with separate syringes at separate sites.
The date, title and batch number should be recorded in the recipient's notes. If more than one vaccine is given, the sites of each should also be recorded.
Booster vaccines are required after three years. The combined vaccine requires booster hepatitis A after 6-12 months, but can be given up to 36 months later.
Typhoid vaccine is not 100% effective. This is particularly so if exposed to large doses of S. typhi. Attention should be paid to personal, food and water hygiene at all times.
Interactions

Indications for typhoid vaccinationTravellers to areas where typhoid is endemic, especially those visiting or staying wi...
16/12/2022

Indications for typhoid vaccination
Travellers to areas where typhoid is endemic, especially those visiting or staying with local people.
Travellers to endemic areas, especially where frequent or prolonged exposure to poor sanitation and food hygiene is likely.
Laboratory personnel whose work may expose them to S. typhi.

Typhoid vaccine can prevent typhoid fever.People who are actively ill with typhoid fever and people who are carriers of ...
16/12/2022

Typhoid vaccine can prevent typhoid fever.

People who are actively ill with typhoid fever and people who are carriers of the bacteria that cause typhoid fever can both spread the bacteria to other people. When someone eats or drinks contaminated food or drink, the bacteria can multiply and spread into the bloodstream, causing typhoid fever.

Typhoid fever can be a life-threatening disease. Symptoms of infection include persistent high fever, weakness, stomach pain, headache, diarrhea or constipation, cough, and loss of appetite.

People who do not get treatment can continue to have fever for weeks or months. As many as 30% of people who do not get treatment die from complications of typhoid fever. There are fewer antibiotic treatment options as drug-resistant typhoid bacteria has become more common in many parts of the world.

Typhoid fever is common in many regions of the world, including parts of East and Southeast Asia, Africa, the Caribbean, and Central and South America. Typhoid fever is not common in the United States.

05/11/2022

How can I reduce my risk of typhoid fever?
The best way to reduce your risk of typhoid fever is to get vaccinated if you live in or are traveling to an area where it’s common. Hand washing and safe food handling are also important for limiting the spread of typhoid.
Vaccines for preventing typhoid fever
There are two vaccines for typhoid fever. They don’t last forever — you need to get additional doses to stay protected. They greatly reduce your risk but don’t guarantee you won’t get typhoid. Vaccines may provide some protection against paratyphoid fever, though this hasn’t been tested.
Oral vaccine. The oral vaccine for typhoid is four pills that you take every other day. As of December 2020, it’s no longer available from the manufacturer.
Injectable vaccine (shot). The injectable vaccine for typhoid is a single shot. You need to get it at least two weeks before you arrive in an area where typhoid is common so your body has time to build up defenses (make antibodies). Children over 2 years old can get the typhoid shot. You’ll need to get a booster shot every two years to stay protected.
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