MD. blog

08/09/2025

Check out mohammed darwesh’s video.

02/09/2025

This image shows an MRI of the spine with sagittal (side) and axial (cross-sectional) views, highlighting the important bony anatomical structures of the vertebrae.

Left Side (Sagittal MRI view of the spine)

C1–S1: Vertebral levels are labeled from the cervical spine (C1) down to the sacrum (S1).

Vertebral body: The large, block-like part of the vertebra in the front, supporting body weight.

Spinous process: The bony projection extending posteriorly (toward the back), which can be felt under the skin.

Articular pillar: Region that contains the superior and inferior articular processes, forming joints between vertebrae.

Top Right (Cervical Spine – Axial section)

Vertebral body: Central, rounded part located anteriorly (front).

Articular pillar: Lateral column where the facet joints are formed.

Spinous process: Midline bony projection posteriorly (back side).

Middle Right (Thoracic Spine – Axial section)

Pedicle: A short, thick bony bridge that connects the vertebral body to the posterior structures (lamina, transverse process, and spinous process). It forms part of the vertebral arch.

Bottom Right (Lumbar Spine – Axial section)

Transverse process: Lateral projections from the vertebra that serve as attachment points for muscles and ligaments.

Lamina: The flat bony plates that form the roof of the spinal canal, connecting the spinous process to the pedicle.

Summary

This figure demonstrates:

Sagittal view of the spine (showing vertebral alignment and spinal cord).

Axial sections from cervical, thoracic, and lumbar regions, highlighting key bony

landmarks:

Vertebral body
Spinous process
Articular pillar
Pedicle
Transverse process
Lamina

These structures are crucial for understanding spinal anatomy, pathology (like fractures, tumors, infections), and surgical planning (like laminectomy, pedicle screw fixation,..

07/08/2025

Vascular and sectional anatomy of the brain 🧠 (part II)

07/08/2025

Vascular and sectional anatomy of the brain (🧠 part 1)

01/06/2025

CT—axial sections of normal brain and subarachnoid spaces

F: frontal lobe
Mb: midbrain
T: temporal lobe
SC: suprasellar cistern
Ce: cerebellum
Sy: Sylvian fissure
O: occipital lobe
3v: third ventricle
qc: quadrigeminal cistern
ac: ambient cistern
lv: lateral ventricle
scc: supracerebellar cistern
c: caudate nucleus
p: putamen
t: thalamus
i: internal capsule
CC: corpus callosum
s: sulcus
if: interhemispheric fissure
P: parietal lobe
Ci: cingulum
cs: central sulcus
CS: centrum semiovale

02/05/2025

Ventral view of the brain .

24/04/2025

Indications for patient intubations:

Intubation is typically indicated when a patient cannot maintain adequate oxygenation, ventilation, or airway protection. Here are the main clinical indications for intubation:

1. Airway Protection
• Altered mental status (e.g., GCS ≤8
• Loss of gag or cough reflex
• Severe facial or neck trauma
• Airway obstruction (e.g., due to foreign body, anaphylaxis, or edema)

2. Respiratory Failure
• Hypoxemic respiratory failure (PaO₂ < 60 mmHg on supplemental oxygen)
• Hypercapnic respiratory failure (PaCO₂ > 50 mmHg with acidosis)
• Conditions: COPD exacerbation, ARDS, pneumonia, pulmonary edema, etc.

3. Inadequate Ventilation
• Apnea or irregular breathing
• Exhaustion from increased work of breathing (e.g., asthma exacerbation)
• Neuromuscular disorders (e.g., Guillain-Barré, myasthenia gravis)

4. Anticipated Clinical Deterioration
• Severe burns or inhalation injury
• Major trauma
• Sepsis with altered mental status or respiratory distress

5. Surgical or Procedural Needs
• General anesthesia requiring airway control

23/04/2025

Decorticate” and “Decerebrate” posturing are abnormal body positions that can indicate severe brain injury. They help localize the level of brain damage, often seen in unconscious patients, especially with traumatic brain injuries, strokes, or increased intracranial pressure.

⸻

1. Decorticate Posturing
• Appearance:
• Arms flexed (bent) inward on the chest.
• Hands clenched into fists.
• Legs extended and feet turned inward.
• Indicates:
• Damage above the red nucleus (midbrain), usually in the cerebral hemispheres, internal capsule, or thalamus.
• Mnemonic: “To the core” – arms flexed toward the core of the body.

⸻

2. Decerebrate Posturing
• Appearance:
• Arms extended by the sides.
• Wrists and fingers flexed.
• Legs extended with feet pointed downward.
• Head may arch backward.
• Indicates:
• Damage below the red nucleus, affecting the brainstem (midbrain or pons).
• Generally a worse prognostic sign than decorticate.
• Mnemonic: “Celebrate with arms extended” (arms are straight like in celebration – though it’s actually a bad sign).

⸻

Clinical Significance:
• Both indicate severe brain dysfunction.
• Decerebrate is more serious and suggests damage closer to vital centers (like respiratory and cardiac control).
• Progression from decorticate to decerebrate can mean worsening brain injury.

15/04/2025

01/04/2025

Anterior cerebral arteriogram (lateral view). (Reprinted courtesy of Eastman Kodak Company.)

25/02/2025

Neroradiologycal sign

The sinking skin flap (SSFS) or syndrome of the trephined is a rare complication that occurs in approximately 10% of large and tends to develop several weeks to several months after . It consists of a sunken above the bone defect with neurological symptoms.

The principal symptoms are severe ,
deficits,
cognitive decline or
seizures.

The SSFS may progress to “paradoxal ” and eventually lead to coma or without treatment.

23/01/2025

Symptoms of Chronic subdural hematoma

Slowly slowing of the following:
1. Headache: Most common symptom, can be continuous or intermittent
2. Weakness: May affect one side of the body
3. Numbness in various body parts
4. Slurred or communication problems
5. Seizures: Especially with large hematomas
6. Confusion: Disorientation about time, date, or place
7. Memory loss: Difficulty remembering recent events or short-term information
8. Impaired decision-making: Problems with analysis or decision-making
9. Unsteady gait or poor balance
10. Poor muscle coordination
11. Mood swings: Irritability or depression
12. Personality changes: Behavior different from usual