13/09/2022
●CLASSICAL CONDITIONING THEORY OF LEARNING●
Classical conditioning, also known as Pavlovian conditioning, refers to a kind of learning where one stimulus comes to elicit the same response as another stimulus. A stimulus is a sensory or environmental object or event; it is almost anything that evokes a response. A burst of light is a stimulus, so is a metallic sound, or a soft touch. A response refers to some kind of reaction or behavior that is evoked by—yes, you guessed it!—a stimulus. Relaxing, blinking, crying, even a tiny attentional shift can be considered responses.
Some stimuli are unconditioned, meaning that they are unlearned. Some are conditioned, meaning that they are learned.
Therefore, an unconditioned stimulus is an unlearned stimulus. It is usually a biologically potent one. In other words, it is a stimulus that automatically evokes a response.
For example, think about the biologically potent stimulus of food. Again, you do not need to learn how to react to food. You do not need to even think. You simply react. You see the food, smell the food, and start salivating. Classical conditioning takes advantage of such reflexive reactions. How?
Take a look at figure below. In the first (top) section, you see a dog that is (presumably) salivating. Why? Because a bowl of food is placed in front of it. This is the reflexive part, the unconditioned part.
In the second section, there is the ringing of a bell. Consider a dog who hears its owner ring a bell at random times. The dog may react with curiosity and even listen attentively, but the bell remains a neutral stimulus for the dog. It does not indicate anything. It is only a sound.
Now here comes the magic, in the third section. What if the owner were to ring the bell just as she is placing a bowl of food in front of the dog? What if she were to do so, again and again and again? Through repeated pairings between the unconditioned stimulus (the food) and the neutral stimulus (the bell), the dog might learn to associate the two; if so, the bell would become the learned or the conditioned stimulus.
What this means is that now the dog’s response toward the bell will be similar to its response to the food. That is, the dog’s learned or conditioned response to the bell will be salivation.