14/12/2018
The WHO Clinical Staging System for HIV/AIDS
Jennifer L. Weinberg and Carrie L. Kovarik, MD
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For over twenty years, human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection and acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) have been significant public health concerns, and the epidemic continues to challenge humanity. The majority of the world’s new HIV infections occur in low- and middle-income countries, with two-thirds of the world’s HIV-infected population living in Africa [1]. Many complex factors contribute to the disproportionate impact of HIV in resource-poor settings: poverty, disease stigma, cultural and social barriers to testing and treatment, insufficient health care infrastructure to support the large patient pool, lack of health literacy, limited provider training, inadequate medical equipment, scarce manpower to distribute health care throughout the region, and few qualified laboratory facilities [2].
In areas with adequate resources, laboratory measurements of CD4+ T cells and plasma HIV viral load are commonly used to establish a patient’s degree of immunosuppression and the rate of destruction of the immune system [3]. These tools are used to ascertain a patient’s eligibility for treatment and to monitor disease progression. With insufficient resources to test CD4+ T-cell counts and plasma HIV viral load in many resource-limited settings, including many of the regions hardest hit by the HIV/AIDS epidemic, clinicians must rely on clinical parameters when assessing a patient’s disease status. The World Health Organization (WHO) has developed case definitions for HIV surveillance and clinical staging and immunological classification of HIV-related disease in adults and children. This system uses standardized clinical parameters to direct medical decision making for patients with HIV/AIDS and can be used based solely on patient clinical features, thus accommodating facilities with no or limited access to laboratory testing [4]. The WHO Clinica