W K Radiology Library Cloud

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A Radiographer with wide range of experience & expertise;
1.X-ray & radiological examinations skills
2.Ultrasound skills
3.Dental( IOPA & OPG) imaging
4.Mammography
5.Portable, mobile & C-arm X-ray machines skills
6.CT scan skills
7.MRI scanning skills

02/11/2025

Big shout out to my new rising fans! Vrèďé Màják

This image illustrates the diffuse lung disease patterns seen on chest imaging, particularly CT scans.There are six main...
26/10/2025

This image illustrates the diffuse lung disease patterns seen on chest imaging, particularly CT scans.
There are six main patterns, each suggesting a different underlying process or stage of disease:

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🩶 1. Reticular Pattern

Description: A network of linear opacities forming a mesh-like (net-like) appearance.

Indicates: Interstitial thickening or fibrosis.

Example: Idiopathic Pulmonary Fibrosis (IPF).

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🤍 2. Alveolar Pattern

Description: Accumulation of fluid, pus, blood, or cells in the alveoli, leading to consolidation with possible air bronchograms.

Indicates: Alveolar filling processes.

Example: Pneumonia, Pulmonary edema.

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🌫 3. Ground Glass Pattern

Description: A hazy increase in lung opacity through which bronchial and vascular markings are still visible.

Indicates: Partial airspace filling or interstitial thickening below CT resolution.

Example: COVID-19 pneumonia, early interstitial lung disease.

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🕳 4. Honeycombing Pattern

Description: Clustered cystic air spaces, typically subpleural and basal, representing end-stage fibrosis.

Indicates: Chronic fibrotic lung disease.

Example: Usual Interstitial Pneumonia (UIP).

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⚫ 5. Cystic Pattern

Description: Round, thin-walled, air-filled spaces within the lung parenchyma, not necessarily fibrotic.

Indicates: True cyst formation.

Example: Langerhans Cell Histiocytosis, Lymphangioleiomyomatosis.

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⚪ 6. Nodular Pattern

Description: Numerous small nodules scattered throughout the lungs.

Indicates: Granulomatous, metastatic, or inflammatory diseases.

Example: Miliary TB, Sarcoidosis, Metastases.

scan -ray

Here’s a clear comparison between normal and pathological findings of the common bile duct (CBD)—particularly relevant f...
20/10/2025

Here’s a clear comparison between normal and pathological findings of the common bile duct (CBD)—particularly relevant for sonologists, radiologists, and clinicians using ultrasound or other imaging modalities.

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✅ Normal Common Bile Duct

Anatomy:

The common bile duct is formed by the union of the common hepatic duct and cystic duct.

It passes posterior to the duodenum and pancreatic head, draining into the ampulla of Vater in the second part of the duodenum.

Normal Ultrasound Features:

Diameter:

≤ 6 mm is considered normal in adults.

1 mm increase per decade after 60 years is acceptable.

Post-cholecystectomy: up to 10 mm can be normal.

Wall: Not usually visualized unless thickened.

Lumen: Anechoic (black), tubular, smooth walls, no internal echoes.

Flow: No color Doppler signal (used to differentiate from vessels).

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❌ Pathological Changes in the CBD

1. Dilated Common Bile Duct (Choledochal Dilatation)

Measurement:

> 6 mm in normal adult (without cholecystectomy or age factor).

Causes:

Obstruction: Stones, strictures, tumors (cholangiocarcinoma, pancreatic head carcinoma).

Post-cholecystectomy.

Choledochal cysts (congenital).

2. Choledocholithiasis (CBD stones)

Ultrasound Findings:

Echogenic foci within CBD with or without posterior shadowing.

May be mobile or fixed.

Often associated with CBD dilatation.

Symptoms: RUQ pain, jaundice, cholangitis.

3. Cholangitis

Etiology: Infection of bile ducts—often secondary to obstruction.

Ultrasound Findings:

Dilated bile ducts with thickened, echogenic walls.

May see pus or sludge (echogenic material without shadowing).

May have associated fever, leukocytosis clinically.

4. Cholangiocarcinoma

Features:

Irregular, hypoechoic intraluminal or mural mass.

May cause intrahepatic duct dilatation with or without CBD dilatation (especially at the hilum—Klatskin tumor).

Color Doppler: May show internal vascularity.

5. Strictures

Can be benign (post-surgical, inflammation) or malignant.

Proximal Hip fractures( #)This image clearly explains types of proximal femoral fractures (hip fractures) and how they r...
06/10/2025

Proximal Hip fractures( #)
This image clearly explains types of proximal femoral fractures (hip fractures) and how they relate to the joint capsule.

Here’s a summary of what it shows 👇

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🦴 Capsule

The joint capsule (outlined in blue) encloses the femoral head and neck.

Fractures inside the capsule are called intracapsular fractures, while those outside are extracapsular fractures.

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⚙️ Intracapsular Fractures

(these involve the neck of femur)

1. Subcapital – just below the femoral head.

2. Transcervical – across the mid neck.

3. Basicervical – at the base of the femoral neck.

🔹 These are intracapsular hip injuries, and are clinically important because:

They risk disruption of the blood supply to the femoral head → may cause avascular necrosis (AVN) or non-union.

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⚙️ Extracapsular Fractures

(these do not involve the neck of femur)

1. Intertrochanteric – between the greater and lesser trochanters.

2. Subtrochanteric – below the lesser trochanter.

🔹 These usually have a better blood supply, so healing is generally better than intracapsular ones.
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Wellingtone Kiptoo Misik
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How to report A head CT scan Library department Radiologist Radiologist Like ,comment ,follow and share...
02/10/2025

How to report A head CT scan
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Wellingtone Kiptoo Misik

02/10/2025

Shout out to my newest followers! Excited to have you onboard! Bushra M. Khuder Abdelhamid Zena Zeenat Ullah Khalida Ayubi

# **Embryo ultrasound - **at 8 weeks gestation· **Location & Viability:** A gestational sac is confirmed within...
25/09/2025

# **Embryo ultrasound - **at 8 weeks gestation

· **Location & Viability:** A gestational sac is confirmed within the uterus, containing a single live embryo.

· **Measurement:** The embryo is measuring appropriately for dates (8 weeks, 3 days).

· **Heartbeat:** Cardiac activity is detected and is within the normal range.

· **Size (CRL):** The Crown-Rump Length (CRL) is approximately 18-22mm.

· **Shape:** The fetal pole is clearly visible and has a characteristic curved, C-shape.

· **Yolk Sac:** The yolk sac is present, which supports the early pregnancy.

· **Placenta:** The developing placenta (chorion) is visible and appears normal.

· **Limb Development:** The limb buds for arms and legs are now forming and may be visible.

· **Head Development:** Head development is prominent, with a large cranial cavity.

· **Overall Assessment:** The pregnancy appearance is consistent with a normal early scan.

· **Due Date:** The estimated due date (EDD) is confirmed or adjusted based on the measurements.

· **Next Steps:** The next recommended scan is typically the nuchal translucency scan around 12 weeks.
Radiology
Library
Wellingtone Kiptoo Misik


23/09/2025

Liver Hemangioma

Early Pregnancy Prognosis🔹 Guarded Pregnancy Prognosis (follow-up ultrasound recommended):These findings are concerning ...
05/09/2025

Early Pregnancy Prognosis

🔹 Guarded Pregnancy Prognosis (follow-up ultrasound recommended):

These findings are concerning but not diagnostic of pregnancy failure. Repeat ultrasound is needed.

1. Mean sac diameter (MSD) ≥ 8 mm with no yolk sac

A gestational sac of at least 8 mm but no visible yolk sac.

2. MSD ≥ 16 mm with a yolk sac but no embryo

Sac is large enough that an embryo should be seen, but it is not.

3. Yolk sac ≥ 6 mm (with or without embryo)

An enlarged yolk sac is associated with poor prognosis, even if there is a normal heartbeat.

4. Heart rate < 90 bpm after 6 weeks

Bradycardia at this stage suggests high risk of pregnancy loss.

5. Embryo ≤ 7 mm with no heartbeat

Any visible embryo should normally have a heartbeat. If absent, prognosis is poor.

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🔹 Definite Pregnancy Failure

These findings are diagnostic of pregnancy loss.

1. Known gestational age ≥ 6.5 weeks with no heartbeat

Only valid if dating is certain (e.g., IVF with embryo transfer date or prior ultrasound confirming age).

2. Embryo > 7 mm with no heartbeat

At this size, a heartbeat must be seen. If absent, it confirms pregnancy failure.

This image is a CT/MR angiography of the abdominal aorta and its major branches. Here’s a detailed explanation of the la...
20/08/2025

This image is a CT/MR angiography of the abdominal aorta and its major branches. Here’s a detailed explanation of the labeled anatomy.

Main Structures

1. Descending Aorta

The large artery that continues from the thoracic aorta into the abdomen. It carries oxygenated blood from the heart to the lower body.

2. Abdominal Aorta

The portion of the descending aorta that runs through the abdomen. It gives rise to several important visceral and parietal branches.

Branches of the Abdominal Aorta

3. Celiac Trunk

A short artery branching from the abdominal aorta. It divides into three main arteries supplying the upper abdominal organs.

Common Hepatic Artery → Supplies the liver, stomach, duodenum, and pancreas.

Splenic Artery → Supplies the spleen, stomach, and pancreas.

Right Gastric Artery → Supplies the lesser curvature of the stomach.

4. Superior Mesenteric Artery (SMA)

Branches from the abdominal aorta just below the celiac trunk.

Supplies the small intestine, cecum, ascending colon, and part of the transverse colon.

5. Right Renal Artery

Branch from the abdominal aorta to the right kidney.

6. Left Renal Artery

Branch from the abdominal aorta to the left kidney.

Lower Branches

7. Inferior Mesenteric Artery (IMA)

Arises lower down from the abdominal aorta.

Supplies the distal transverse colon, descending colon, sigmoid colon, and re**um.

8. Common Iliac Arteries

The abdominal aorta divides (bifurcates) into the right and left common iliac arteries around the level of L4 vertebra.

These further divide into external and internal iliac arteries.

9. External Iliac Artery

Continuation of the common iliac artery.

Supplies blood to the lower limbs.

Other Visible Structure

10. Right Kidney

Visible adjacent to the right renal artery.

Supplied by the right renal artery.

👉 In summary, this image shows the abdominal aorta with its major visceral branches (celiac trunk, SMA, renal arteries, IMA) and terminal branches (common and external iliac arteries

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