Health and science platform

03/12/2025

The GABA_A receptor plays a vital role in maintaining balance in the brain by controlling neuronal activity. When the neurotransmitter GABA binds to this receptor, it opens a channel that lets chloride ions (Cl⁻) flow into the neuron, reducing its activity and calming the nervous system. This receptor is made up of various subunits (α, β, γ, and others), which influence its specific function. Medications like benzodiazepines (BZs) work by enhancing its effects, making this receptor an important target in treating conditions like anxiety and insomnia.

30/11/2025

🔬 Organ-Specific Cancer Biomarkers & Their Uses

Cancer biomarkers help clinicians detect cancer early, guide treatment decisions, and monitor therapeutic response. Each biomarker is often linked to a specific organ or cancer type, making it a powerful tool in precision oncology.🧑‍🔬🔬

🧬 Key Organ-Specific Cancer Biomarkers

🟦 Prostate – PSA (Prostate-Specific Antigen)
• Early detection and monitoring of prostate cancer.

🟪 O***y – CA-125 (Cancer Antigen 125)
• Diagnosis, staging, and follow-up of ovarian cancer.

🟧 Liver – AFP (Alpha-Fetoprotein)
• Biomarker for hepatocellular carcinoma and germ cell tumors.

🟩 Breast – HER2/neu, BRCA1/BRCA2
• HER2 guides targeted therapy.
• BRCA mutations indicate hereditary breast & ovarian cancer risk.

🟫 Pancreas – CA 19-9
• Used in prognosis and monitoring of pancreatic cancer.

⬛ Colon/Rectum – CEA (Carcinoembryonic Antigen), KRAS Mutation
• CEA helps track colorectal cancer recurrence.
• KRAS mutation guides therapy selection.

⬜ Lung – EGFR Mutation, ALK Rearrangement
• Crucial for planning targeted therapies in lung cancer.

🟨 Thyroid – Thyroglobulin, Calcitonin
• Thyroglobulin monitors papillary & follicular thyroid cancers.
• Calcitonin is elevated in medullary thyroid carcinoma.

🎯 Why They Matter

Enable organ-specific early detection

Support precision and personalized treatment

Track therapy response and disease recurrence

Improve overall survival outcomes✨🧬

29/11/2025

Xanthine Oxidase Inhibitors (XOIs)
These drugs inhibit the enzyme xanthine oxidase, which converts hypoxanthine → xanthine → uric acid.
So they decrease uric acid production → used in chronic gout
1) Allopurinol=
may cause rash, Stevens–Johnson syndrome, hypersensitivity
2) Febuxostat»» More selective XOI
Alternative when patient cannot tolerate allopurinol
(Note). safer in renal impairment
3) Topiroxostat (not widely available globally)

12/11/2025

12/11/2025

A. Penicillin G

B. Amoxicillin

C. Azithromycin

D. Ciprofloxacin

06/11/2025

31/10/2025

Liver damage typically develops gradually, often without noticeable symptoms until significant harm occurs. It usually commences with fat accumulation inside liver cells, known as fatty liver, which can result from poor diet, alcohol consumption, or metabolic disorders. Over time, chronic inflammation leads to fibrosis, where scar tissue replaces healthy cells. If left untreated, this progresses to cirrhosis, a stage where liver function becomes severely impaired. Ultimately, prolonged damage can trigger mutations that develop into liver cancer, making early prevention and healthy lifestyle choices vital.

25/10/2025

Dry gangrene is a form of coagulative necrosis that develops in ischemic tissue, a tissue with inadequate blood supply. It is not a disease itself, but a symptom of other diseases like vascular disease (atherosclerosis) , diabetes, and autoimmune diseases.

In this case there's no any option other than amputation since that part of the leg is dead.
🩺

24/10/2025

A 23-year-old farmer was struck by lightning, resulting in a 15-minute unconsciousness. Despite no abnormalities in vital parameters or systemic examination, he exhibited anterograde amnesia. The skin around his neck and chest bore a patterned charring, imprinted along the contact points of a metallic locket he wore at the time of the injury. After three days of observation, he was discharged uneventfully, with normal neurological parameters. However, he remained amnesic to the lightning strike, with only the locket burn serving as a reminder of the incident. Lightning injuries primarily impact the cardiorespiratory, neurological, and integumentary systems. Superficial or deep thermal contact burns can occur if the victim touches an object that falls within the electrical pathway.

18/10/2025