05/03/2026
Nanotechnology in the Unani system of medicine: A comprehensive review and hypothesis--
https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S2212958825001235
Nanotechnology in the Unani system of medicine: A comprehensive review and hypothesis--
Md Manzar Alam a
,
Mustehasan b
,
Usama Akram b
,
Mumtaz Ahmad a
,
N. Zaheer Ahmed b
Abstract-
Background
Nanotechnology is an emerging technology which is a game changer for various fields of discipline like medicine, biotechnology, material sciences, and environmental sciences. This is about controlling materials on a nanoscale, where at least one dimension is less than 100 nm (a nanometer). Such technology may lead to smart materials that can be used in construction and other fields.
Objective
To investigate the relationship between nanotechnology and Unani medicine, examining knowledge of nanoscale materials in classical Unani literature and their modern applications in nanomedicine.
Methods
This was done by a narrative review of classical Unani medical writings, and a comprehensive search of scientific databases such as Google Scholar, PubMed, ScienceDirect, and Web of Science up to October 2023. The contributions of scholars including JÄbir ibn įø¤ayyÄn (Geber), ZakariyyÄ RÄzÄ« (Rhazes), ShamsuddÄ«n UndulusÄ« and įø¤akÄ«m Ajmal KhÄn are reviewed here, particularly their observations on the maximum particle size of a drug intended for medicinal purposes. For example, nanoparticle synthesis techniques such as photolysis, co-precipitation, sol-gel, electrochemical precipitation, and green chemistry were examined due to their implications regarding present nanotechnology.
Results
This study demonstrates that ancient Unani scholars had knowledge of therapeutic potential of metal-based nanoparticles specifically through the use of Kushta (calx) and SayyÄl (dissolved metals) in their medicinal formulations. Such practices are aligned with contemporary nanotechnological principles. The review further elaborates on current approaches of nanoparticles synthesis that mirror traditional Unani methods, especially in the regard of eco-friendly approaches including chemistry green.
Conclusion
This study provides an insight into nanotech being a part of Unani medicine far earlier than modern-day practices, with KushtasÄzÄ« (calcination) and SayyÄl being potential forerunners to modern nanotechnology. However, the adoption of modern nanotechnological techniques into the well-established Unani system leads to tremendous innovation and establishes a link between ancient wisdom and recently developed advanced therapeutic approaches.