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Dr.Ambrose Igwe Daniel, Jaba, Kano (2025)

13/10/2025

CAUSES OF MISCARRIAGE.

🔸️The most common cause of miscarriage is CHROMOSOMAL ABNORMALITIES.

Chromosomes are simply DNA materials. Microscopic structures present in every single cell in your body. They contain your genes. Genes carry and transmit information about your specific features, like skin color, eyes, height, s*x, blood type, etc.

The process of pregnancy begins with the fertilization of the woman's egg cell by the man's s***m cell. A Zygote is formed, which is a union of the male and female chromosomes/DNA materials. The zygote begins to multiply rapidly and differentiates into many cells until a mature baby is formed.

Miscarriage often results from genetic mutations or malformations in the zygote or embryo during the process of cell multiplication, which makes it impossible for it to continue developing in the womb.

Once the mother's body gets a signal that the baby is not growing, it shuts down the whole process of pregnancy, and that is miscarriage.

🔸️Improper implantation of the fertilized egg, or growing embryo. The survival of every pregnancy depends on how well the placenta plants itself in the wall of your womb.

🔸️Problems with the development of the placenta is also a major cause of miscarriage.

🔸️Cervical incompetence, or a loose cervix.
The opening of the womb is not able to stay closed. This is often the cause with women who have recurrent miscarriages.

🔸️Maternal Age.
The older the woman, the higher her risk of having a miscarriage. This is because the risk of chromosomal abnormalities increase with advancing age, especially in women.

🔸️Deformed s***m cells.
Abnormally formed s***m cells from the man is also a frequent cause of miscarriage.

🔸️An abnormal womb.
This refers to a womb with structural abnormalities. Structural problems in your womb may dislodge the pregnancy.

OTHER FACTORS that increase the risk of having a miscarriage include-

▪️Lifestyle or habits like smoking, alcohol consumption, and other ilicit drugs.
▪️Uncontrolled Hypertension in pregnancy.
▪️Uncontrolled Diabetes.
▪️Other Chronic illnesses, like kidney disease, heart problems, thyroid disorders, sickle cell disease, Lupus, etc.
▪️Urinary Tract infection, Pelvic /Vaginal infections.
The inflammation from these infections can trigger premature contractions of your womb, and lead to a miscarriage.
▪️Malaria fever.
▪️Obesity.
▪️Exposure to radiation, eg. X-rays during pregnancy.
▪️Some medications.
During pregnancy, never take any medication until a doctor approves of it.
▪️Severe malnutrition.

More on Your Health in PREGNANCY🤰
Stay tuned...

❤️

10/10/2025

MISCARRIAGE.

A miscarriage refers to the spontaneous loss of a pregnancy before 20 weeks of gestation. (Gestation is the period from conception of your baby to the point of delivery).

It is also called Spontaneous Abortion.

This loss often happens when the baby has not developed enough to survive outside the womb. It is often no fault of the mother. The fetus just stops growing, and the mother's body expels it.

Miscarriage most commonly occurs within 12 weeks of pregnancy- the First Trimester. Some may still occur before 20 weeks as we've mentioned earlier.

COMMON SYMPTOMS.

▪️Vaginal bleeding with or without clots.

▪️Vaginal bleeding that is heavier than a normal period, especially if you didn't know you were pregnant.

▪️Cramping pain.
The lower Abdominal pain waxes and wanes, or has a cycle and increases in intensity and frequency.

▪️Non-specific Abdominal or pelvic pain.

▪️Lower back /waist pain.

▪️You may notice tissues or parts from the baby's body in the blood.

▪️Sudden disappearance of the pregnancy feeling, symptoms, and signs.

We shall consider the Causes of Miscarriage in our next post.
Stay tuned...

❤️

08/10/2025

HOW TO MANAGE BLEEDING IN PREGNANCY.

As we have said earlier, do not hesitate to seek medical attention as soon as you notice any bleeding from your va**na during pregnancy.

If you have any circumstance that limits your access to a hospital, or that makes it impossible for you to go immediately, or you're thinking it's just spots and you want to observe for a while, please do the following.

❤️Take note of-
*The color of blood (is it pink, red, dark, or brown).
*Any clots of blood (dark red blood clumps).
*Anything that looks like flesh in the blood.
*The number of pads you have used since the bleeding started.

❤️ Take a lot of rest.
Avoid any kind of stressful activity. Maintain strict bed rest for as long as needed or until you can get to the hospital.

❤️ Drink lots of water.
Adequate hydration helps to keep your womb full and sealed. That can reduce bleeding. Your womb bleeds more when it is relaxed.

❤️ Avoid any s*xual activity.
Sexual activities, especially involving pe*******on will create vibrations that may further increase your risk of a miscarriage.

Generally, you should Limit s*xual activity during the first few weeks of pregnancy. Your baby is not yet strongly attached to your womb at this time.

❤️ Do not travel.
As much as possible limit your movements. Movements can trigger vibrations that'll dislodge an already unstable pregnancy.

❤️ Do not lift any kind of weight.
Weight lifting or trying to lift things increases the pressure in your belly and pelvis, and that can worsen cramps or labor-like symptoms that may facilitate a miscarriage.

❤️ When you get to the hospital stay in the hospital for at least 24-48 hours, depending on what your doctor prescribes, for observation.

You doctor may want to do some physical examinations, ultrasound scan, and laboratory tests to try to find the cause of your bleeding, and if any other problems like anemia, have resulted.

If your pregnancy remains intact, your doctor will recommend more rest, and all the things we've mentioned above.

More on Your Health in PREGNANCY🤰
Stay tuned...

❤️

07/10/2025

SIGNS THAT YOUR BLEEDING IS AN EMERGENCY IN PREGNANCY.

Most bleedings during pregnancy do not pose any trouble. However, some may be signs of serious complications in your pregnancy.

Some of the signs you should look out for include-

📍Heavy Bleeding.
The bleeding is so much you have to use a pad, and replace every few hours.

📍Dizziness or Fainting spells.
Dizziness or fainting while bleeding during pregnancy may indicate excessive loss of blood.

It means you've lost too much blood, and your body can no longer cope with the shortage.

📍Cramps or Contractions.
You're having contractions or labor-like pain, or pain that feels like cramps while also bleeding in pregnancy.

This may indicate a threatened or ongoing miscarriage.

📍Pelvic or Belly Pain.
You have moderate to severe pain in your abdomen while bleeding, and the pain is persistent.

Persistent severe abdominal pain, while bleeding in pregnancy may indicate an Ectopic Pregnancy.

📍Fever or Chills.
Fever (high body temperature) with bleeding during pregnancy may indicate some serious va**nal, urinary tract, or pelvic infection, and must be treated promptly.

📍Your Water Breaks.
If you suddenly notice water while bleeding in pregnancy, that may indicate a preterm labor.

Your baby is trying to come out before the time.

📍Whether you think your bleeding is serious or not, once you see blood, GO TO THE NEAREST HOSPITAL IMMEDIATELY.

More on Your Health in PREGNANCY🤰
Stay tuned...

❤️

06/10/2025

SECOND AND THIRD TRIMESTER BLEEDING.

At this stage of pregnancy, bleeding is much less common. But if it does occur, it usually indicates more serious complications of pregnancy.

You should call your doctor, or go to the hospital immediately if you notice any bleeding in your second or third trimesters (after 3 months, or after 6months) of pregnancy.

📍Some of the causes of bleeding during these stages of pregnancy include-

🔸️Placenta previa.
The position of the placenta covers part or all of your cervix (entrance to your womb).

Since the placenta is like a sponge filled with blood, it may bleed with moderate to vigorous movements at this position.
An ultrasound scan would reveal this.

🔸️Placenta abruption.
In this case, the placenta detaches or pulls away from its attachment on the wall of your uterus (womb).

This has complications for both you and your child. A large pool of blood can collect in that position and lead to anemia in the mother, and poor blood supply to the child.
Often also presents as bleeding. Occasionally there may be no bleeding, which makes it even more dangerous.

🔸️Preterm labor.
Refers to labor pain and contractions, with bleeding when your pregnancy is not 37weeks yet.

🔸️Cervical incompetence.
A condition in which the cervix doesn't close tightly enough. So the pregnancy grows to a certain size and the cervix opens up due to weakness, leading to a miscarriage. This often starts with bleeding.

🔸️Miscarriage.
Refers to any loss of pregnancy before viability. Depending on your region, it may be 20-28 weeks.
It is also usually associated with bleeding.

🔸️Bloody show.
Bloody show represents the mucous plug that helped to keep your cervix tightly closed during the pregnancy.

When labor begins, the cervix begins to soften and expand. The dilation (widening) of the cervix dislodges the mucous plug, and that can sometimes present with some bleeding.

🔸️Labor.
Normal labor can be the cause of bleeding at this stage, if your pregnancy is 37 weeks or more.

📍Other events that frequently cause bleeding during pregnancy include-
▪️Sex.
Having s*x at this stage of pregnancy may causes some light bleeding.

Your cervix at this time is highly vascularized (engorged with blood), and may bleeding upon light touch or vibrations in your va**na.

▪️️Pelvic exam/ ultrasound scan.
Your doctor's physical exam may cause some bleeding. An ultrasound scan, especially a transva**nal scan may also cause bleeding.

▪️️Physical trauma.
A blow to your abdomen or a fall can dislodge your placenta, and cause abruption which may present as bleeding.

▪️️A pap test (a screening test for cervical cancer) in your first trimester. Involves taking a piece of tissue from your cervix, and frequently causes bleeding.

More on Your Health in PREGNANCY🤰
Stay tuned...

❤️

04/10/2025

VITAMIN D DEFICIENCY.

Vitamin D, also known as Calciferol, is a fat soluble Vitamin. This means that just like vitamin A, it can only be absorbed in the presence of fats and oils in your diet.

Vitamin D deficiency affects over a billion people the world over, in both developed and developing nations.
It affects mostly older adults (especially women), and children.

It causes brittle bones and teeth in the elderly (osteoporosis)- the bones break easily,

Rickets in children ( the bones bend easily, hence, the bowing of legs in affected children),

Osteomalacia in adults. Presents with muscle fatigue (cramps), bone and joint pains,

Deficiency can result from inadequate exposure to sunlight, malabsorption, and drugs.

Vitamin D deficiency is common in infants, children, and adolescents because those are the bone growth years. And not many food varieties have vitamin D.

Infants are particularly at risk because of the very low amounts of vitamin D in breast milk.

SYMPTOMS and SIGNS of Vitamin D Deficiency:
÷Children begin to walk late, or are noticed to prefer sitting.
÷Bowing in the legs.
÷In adults chronic muscle aches and pains.
÷Bone pain and tenderness.
÷Depression, or Anxiety.

SOURCES of VITAMIN D.

There are two main types of vitamin D,
1. D2- ergocalciferol. This is sourced mostly from plant foods.
2. D3- cholecalciferol. This is sourced from animal foods.

Natural Vitamin D is produced when Cholesterol in the skin reacts with the Ultra Violet rays from Sunlight. So SUN EXPOSURE is the most significant source of vitamin D.

The elderly are at risk of vitamin D deficiency, because the skin's ability to produce Vitamin D decreases as you grow older. Also lack of adequate sun exposure due to reduced physical activity may be contributory.

Older people may therefore need increased dietary vitamin D, or supplementation.

Vitamin D from all sources are converted in your Liver to a precursor form (25-hydroxyvitamin D), and later converted to an active form (1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D) in your Kidneys. So, your kidneys play a big role in vitamin D metabolism.

This is why people with Chronic Kidney disease often require vitamin D supplementation. They're not able to convert all the vitamin D they have to active forms.

Good FOOD SOURCES include:
Mackerel, Sardines, Salmon, Codfish, Cheese, shiitake mushrooms, Tofu.

The daily recommended allowance for Vitamin D supplements is 400 IU for Children 0-1 year, 600 IU for 1-18 years, 1500-2000 IU for everyone older than 18.

More on your Health.
Stay tuned...

❤️

03/10/2025

CAUSES OF BLEEDING IN PREGNANCY.
FIRST TRIMESTER.

As we said yesterday, the cause of bleeding during pregnancy is manytimes related to the stage of pregnancy.

Some of the common causes of bleeding in the first trimester (first 12weeks or 3months) of pregnancy include-

📍Changes in Your Hormone Levels.
During pregnancy, especially at the onset, there is usually a surge of hormones (Progesterones and Estrogens). This interplay of hormones can cause a few spots of blood.

📍Implantation bleeding.
This occurs during the period after fertilization, when the fertilized egg (newly formed life) is trying to implant itself in the wall of your uterus (womb).

You may see spots of blood during this period, and it is often nothing to worry about.

📍Cervical Changes.
Major changes occur in your cervix (the opening of your womb) at the onset of pregnancy.

The cells of your cervix multiply rapidly, and become more sensitive to touch and movements. It grows thicker, and a mucus plug forms within it.
These changes ensure that the cervix closes more tightly to avoid miscarriage. During this time you may experience a few spots.

📍Cervical Polyps.
This is a harmless overgrowth of your cervical tissue. Cells at the opening of your womb can sometimes increase too much as they try to tighten your cervix. This is caused by high estrogen levels, and may cause some bleeding.

📍Ectopic Pregnancy.
This refers to when the fertilized egg implants in your fallopian tube rather than in your womb.

This is usually associated with a lot of pain and bleeding, and it is an obstetric emergency. You must get to the hospital as quickly as you can.

📍Molar Pregnancy.
A condition in which the egg is fertilized, but rather than grow into a baby, it begins to form a tumor or cancer cells (a group of rebellious cells).

Spots or bleeding usually occurs. You must see a doctor.

📍Subchorionic Hematoma.
In this condition blood collects somewhere between your baby's fluid sac (amniotic sac) and the wall of your uterus (womb).

This may cause spots, but often resolves on its own.

📍Infections.
Several s*xually transmitted infections (like chlamydia, and gonorrhea), or urinary tract infections can cause bleeding in pregnancy.

See your doctor for appropriate treatment with antibiotics.

📍Miscarriage.
The growing embryo dislodges from the wall of your womb and flows out of your body. Usually starts with bleeding which increases progressively, with painful cramps.

The Loss of a pregnancy before 20 weeks, or 28 weeks depending on your region is considered a miscarriage.

More on Your Health in PREGNANCY🤰
Stay tuned...

❤️

03/10/2025

SIGNS OF TROUBLE IN YOUR MOUTH.

📍Oral sores (sores in your mouth).
Typical mouth sores should heal within 7-10 days.

Vitamin C deficiencies commonly manifests as sores in your mouth.

📍Sensitive teeth.
You get a shocky, painful sensation on your teeth when you eat hot, cold, or sweet food. Often a sign of enamel corrosion (worn tooth), or cavities, or a cracked tooth. See a dentist.

📍Bleeding when you brush or floss.
Using a new toothbrush, or Brushing too hard may cause some bleeding.
However if it becomes persistent it may be a sign of gingivitis (an inflammation of the gums), caused by an accumulation of bacterial plaque around the linings of your gum.

📍White patches or other discoloration inside your mouth. May be a sign of oral infections, especially fungal. Seen frequently in immunosuppressed individuals due to malnutrition. Could also be a sign of cancer.

See your doctor.

📍Lingering Bad breath.
Food debri on the tongue, and around the corners of the teeth frequently cause bad breath. Some health conditions too can cause bad breath, like respiratory illnesses and diabetes.

Oral hygiene is key.
Maiantain regular visits to your physician if you have any chronic illness.
Seek proper treatment if you have an infection.

📍Dry mouth.
May be due to excessive alcohol, dehydration, certain medications or when you feel anxious or nervous.
Drink plenty of fluids frequently.

More on Your Health.
Stay tuned...

❤️

03/10/2025

🔸️BALANCE EXERCISES.

Balance refers to your ability to maintain normal posture while carrying out your daily tasks.
In scientific terms, it refers to your ability to control and maintain your centre of gravity.

Balance exercises are therefore physical activities that strengthen your control of body posture and movements.

A fine connection between your inner ear, a part of your brain called the Cerebellum, and the proprioceptive system within your muscles and joints facilitates this control.

This system is the reason you're able to tell the position of your body, even with your eyes closed.

Problems related to aging, muscle weakness, joint stiffness, neurovascular issues, and cognitive decline can significantly impair your body's sense of balance and your control of body movements.

People with these kinds of problems are at greater risk of injuries due to frequent falls. And this can affect their productivity.

◾️People who need balance exercises include-

🔹️The elderly
🔹️Amputees- people who've lost a limb.
🔹️People who've had stroke or other neuromuscular problems.
🔹️People living with dementia.
🔹️People who have chronic back pain.
🔹️People who are obese.

◾️The BENEFITS of Balance Exercises are enormous.

🕺You'll gain postural stability and reduce your risk of falling. This is beneficial, especially for the aging.
🕺Balance exercises will also help especially the elderly maintain Balance while standing, sitting and during movements like walking, and movements of your trunk (your upper body).
🕺Improve range of motion around your joints. Means you'll gain some flexibility.
🕺Improves your strength. You'll be able to work more efficiently.
🕺Facilitates recovery from stroke.
🕺Generally Improves your quality of life. You'll be able to easily participate in various recreational activities without any falls or injuries.
🕺Balance exercises in the long run can improve your cognitive function.

◾️Examples of Balance Exercises.
🧍Simple grapevine- walking sideways by crossing one foot over the other.
🧍Single Leg stand. Standing on one leg, while the other is raised above the ground or placed on the side of the standing leg.
🧍Balance walk, also called heel-toe walk or tightrope walk. Requires putting the heel of one leg right in front of the toe of the other leg while walking with your hands spread on your side.
🧍Knee Lifts- Walking while lifting your knees one leg after the other.
🧍Step up- You can use a Stair case for this. Step up with one leg, then bring the other to join it. Step down and repeat again.
🧍Standing up and sitting down on a chair without support.
🧍Sideways walking- Stand with your feet put together, then step sideways with one foot first. Then move the other to close the gap and repeat.

More on Your Health.
Stay tuned...

❤️

02/10/2025

BLEEDING DURING PREGNANCY.

Bleeding during pregnancy specifically refers to passing blood from your va**na while you're pregnant.

The sight of blood from your va**na can be distressing in pregnancy, and can sometimes create panic.

It is therefore important to know the various types and causes of bleeding in pregnancy, what they mean, and what you should do.

The volume of blood passed is an important factor in determining the likely cause and severity of Bleeding in pregnancy.

You could have SPOTTING or BLEEDING.

Spotting refers to just a few drops of red, pink or brown blood in your underwear or in your toilet paper after wiping, during pregnancy.

Bleeding on the other hand describes way more than just a few drops of blood. It's a volume that could be likened to menstrual flow, and requires the use of a pad to keep it from spilling.

Spotting during pregnancy is quite common and often nothing to be worried about, especially in your first trimester (the first 12weeks or 3months of your pregnancy).

However, do not take chances.

If you notice any blood from your va**na call your doctor. It may be nothing concerning, or may indicate an underlying complication in pregnancy. Let your doctor determine what it is.

Do not take suggestions of concerned relatives or neighbors, or try to use any local interventions. Call your doctor, or go to the hospital immediately.

The likely cause of bleeding in pregnancy is generally related to the stage of pregnancy.

Subsequently, we shall talk about the causes of bleeding during pregnancy, vis a vis the periods of pregnancy.

More on Your Health in PREGNANCY🤰
Stay tuned...

❤️

02/10/2025

📍FOOD FOR THE ELDERLY.

Nutrition in old age is vital, because It can significantly improve the quality of life of the elderly, while also preventing the onset of or delaying the progression of chronic illnesses, which are common findings in older people.

Some of the nutrients you should focus on as you age include:

🥔 Potassium,
Potassium is a powerful mineral for the heart, especially in the elderly. While low Sodium diets are recommended in old age, it is important to replace the sodium with potassium. Eat more Potassium foods as you age.

You can get potassium from Bananas 🍌, Kidney beans 🫘, Avocados 🥑, Spinach, dried fruits, Potatoes 🥔.

🥛 Calcium,
The strength of your bones, especially in old age depends on your Calcium stores. With adequate Calcium, your bone loss in old age would be slower.

Milk 🥛and other diary products, Nuts, green vegetables are good sources of calcium.

🌤 Vitamin D,
Vitamin D ensures adequate mobilisation of Calcium, and phosphorus from the intestines and kidneys.

Oily fish, Cod Liver Oil, Milk 🥛, Egg yolks🥚, Oysters, are great sources of Vitamin D. Sunlight exposure is also a key source.

🌾 Dietary Fiber,
Dietary Fiber is highly beneficial to the gut. It helps to ease bowel movement, and also enhances the proliferation of good gut bacteria, which are believed to play a significant role in the modulation of hunger and satiety.

Fruits, Vegetables, and Whole grains are generally high in fiber.

🍗 Vitamin B12
The body naturally loses it's ability to absorb Vitamin B12 as you advance in age. The reason is connected to an age induced reduction of the stomach acid required for its absorption.

So you have to be double delibrate about getting Vitamin B12 foods in your diet. They're abundant in animal proteins. (Meats, Poultry, Eggs 🥚, Milk 🥛, Liver)

The best time to prepare for old age is now that you're still young. The quality of your lifestyle in youth determines your strength in old age.

Bad nutritional habits, and other lifestyles like lack of exercise, or gross inactivity in youth are a recipe for an old age laden with chronic illnesses and poor health.

If you don't want to become a burden to people around you in your old age, EAT RIGHT, NOW. Exercise regularly, increase your mental capacity, by constantly engaging your mind (read! Read! Read!), practice skills. Don't just be all about fun and money making, increase in Learning.

More on Your Health.
Stay tuned...

❤️

01/10/2025

THE PROCESS OF AGING.

Old age is a beautiful season of life. The quality of your life in old age depends on how well you prepare for it.

To enjoy your old age, it is important to arm yourself with knowledge of changes that are associated with aging.

Some of these events include-

🔹️ Loss of Calcium in your bones (it's called bone resorption), so you lose bone as you age, and the bones tend to become more brittle.

You therefore, need more CALCIUM as you grow older.

🔹️ Loss of Muscle mass, and strength.
As you grow older, muscle bulk declines, and so does your strength. This is why there's no 'fat old man'.

So, eat alot of proteins, and engage in light exercises to keep the muscles active. Muscles atrophy (are broken down) when not used frequently.

For your proteins, lean more towards Poultry, seafoods (Fish, and Shellfish), diary (especially low fat), and plant proteins (beans, lentils, peas, nuts).

🔹️ Brain function starts to decline with age. This is why diseases like Alzheimer's, and other dementias (conditions characterized by loss of memory and judgement), are more common in older people. And why sometimes the brain grows smaller in older people.

🔹️ Sense of thirst may decline in old age. This means older people may lose their ability to feel thirsty.
So the risk of dehydration in older people is much higher.

If you're elderly or have older people around you, develop a regimen for adequate fluid intake (especially water), and follow it religiously. You can consult a dietician or a medical personnel for help.

Don't be drinking alcohol in old age.
Reduce your caffeine intake, and as much as possible avoid carbonated drinks.

🔹️ Appetite also declines with age.
So you feel less hungry as you grow older.
That's partly because the body's need for energy is diminishing.

For this reason elderly people frequently suffer from nutrient deficiencies, they're often undernourished. You must therefore develop a diet plan that is rich in nutrients, but low in calories.

It is for this cause that Fruits and vegetables are highly recommended in old age. They're high in nutrients (vitamins, minerals, proteins, carbohydrates, healthy oils), yet low in calories.

One way to get your appetite on is to associate meal times with fun. Invite friends over for lunch or dinner. Eat with family.

📍Whatever you do in old age, don't gain weight, and don't lose either. Adopt a diet plan that helps you maintain a steady healthy weight.

One of the reasons is that your bones no longer have the capacity or strength to bear so much weight.

Secondly, your body is gradually losing capacity to metabolise all of that energy from excess calories. So, they become more nuisance to the body. Rather than help the body, excesses become agents of inflammation and disease.

More on Your Health.
Stay tuned...

❤️

Dr.Ambrose Igwe Daniel

13/10/2025

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