MALE Fertility Health Education

10/01/2026

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26/09/2025

08/09/2025

Surgery
Surgical treatments may include:
Vasectomy reversal . If you had a vasectomy
to prevent s***m from entering your semen, a
vasectomy reversal reconnects your vas
deferens to make pregnancy possible again.
Vasoepididymostomy . This surgery removes
a blockage in your epididymis (the coiled
tube that lies against your testicle where
s***m mature) that prevents s***m from
entering your semen.
S***m retrieval . A healthcare provider will
perform a biopsy to retrieve s***m from your
testicles or epididymis.
Varicocelectomy . Varicocele is a condition in
which there’s pooling of blood in the testicles
due to varicose veins in the sc***um. It may
have a negative effect on s***m quality.
Surgery removes varicose veins, and this can
increase the chance of pregnancy, in some
cases.
Assisted reproductive technology
Assisted reproductive technology (ART) procedures
involve removing an egg from your partner’s
ovaries and combining it with your s***m in a lab.
Intracytoplasmic s***m injection (ICSI) .
During ICSI, a provider physically injects a
single s***m cell into an egg.
In vitro fertilization (IVF) . During the IVF
process, a provider will inject your partner
with fertility medications that cause multiple
eggs to mature in your partner’s ovaries. A
provider will collect the eggs when they’re
ready and expose them to s***m in a lab.
After a s***m cell fertilizes the egg, a
provider will place the fertilized egg (embryo)
inside a uterus.
Can male infertility go away on its own?

08/09/2025

Management and Treatment
Can you fix male infertility?
Yes, many different treatment options can reverse
male infertility. Depending on the cause, your
treatment may include:
Lifestyle changes
You may be able to increase the production of
healthy s***m by making certain lifestyle changes,
including:
Maintaining a healthy weight for you.
Eating more fruits and vegetables.
Engaging in regular physical activity, including
walking, jogging, bicycling, dancing or lifting
weights.
Managing stress.
Stopping smoking, drinking and using
recreational/nonprescription drugs.
Avoiding the use of sexual lubricants (l**e)
during sexual in*******se.
Medications
Hormone therapy can regulate hormone levels that
are too high or low and affect your s***m quality.
You may also need to stop using, or find
alternatives to, certain medications, including:

08/09/2025

Diagnosis and Tests
How is male infertility diagnosed?
A primary care physician (P*P) can diagnose male
infertility. Or they may refer you to a urologist who
specializes in male infertility or a reproductive
endocrinologist.
A P*P will perform a complete physical
examination to help determine your overall health
and identify any physical problems that may affect
your fertility. They may also ask you and your
partner questions about your sexual habits and
health history, including:
How long have you been trying to get your
partner pregnant?
Have you gotten a partner pregnant in the
past?
Have you ever tested positive for an STI? If
so, which STI and when?
Have you ever received treatment for an STI?
Have you used birth control (contraceptives)?
If so, which one(s) and when?
Has a provider diagnosed any of your
biological family members with male
infertility?
Do you smoke, drink alcohol or use
recreational/nonprescription drugs?
Which medications do you take?
The provider may order tests if the physical exam
and review of your health history don’t indicate any
apparent cause for male infertility.
What tests will be done to diagnose male
infertility?
A semen analysis is one of the primary tests
healthcare providers use to help diagnose male
infertility. It’s a lab test of a semen sample that
examines the volume and quality of your s***m.

08/09/2025

Symptoms and Causes
What are the signs of unhealthy
s***m?
The primary symptom of male infertility is being
unable to have a biological child. But male
infertility can also lead to many psychological and
emotional symptoms, including feelings of:
Depression .
Loss.
Grief.
Inadequacy.
Failure.
If you or your partner experiences any of these
feelings, it’s a good idea to talk to a therapist or
psychiatrist .
Sometimes, male infertility can be associated with
a low production of testosterone from the testicles.
In this case, symptoms such as tiredness,
impotence, depression, weight gain and apathy
may occur. If you or your partner experiences these
symptoms, talking to a urologist who specializes in
male infertility or a reproductive endocrinologist
can help.
What causes male infertility?
Many biological and environmental factors can
cause male infertility. These include:
S***m problems, including malformed s***m,
low s***m count (oligos***mia ) and the
absence of s***m in your semen
( azoos***mia ).
Genetic disorders , including Klinefelter
syndrome and myotonic dystrophy .
Some medical conditions, including diabetes,
certain autoimmune diseases that attack your
s***m and cystic fibrosis .
Infections, including epididymitis , orchitis and
sexually transmitted infections (STIs),
including gonorrhea or HIV.
Swollen veins in your testicles (varicoceles ).
Cancer treatments, including chemotherapy,
radiation therapy or surgical removal of your
testicles (orchiectomy ).
Testicular trauma.
Hormonal disorders that affect your
hypothalamus or pituitary glands.
Who does male infertility affect?
Any male may have infertility. But your chances of
having male infertility may be higher if you:
Have a body mass index (BMI ) greater than
25 (overweight/ obesity).
Are 40 or older.
Have been exposed to radiation.
Have been exposed to environmental toxins,
including lead, calcium, pesticides or
mercury.
Use to***co , ma*****na or alcohol .
Take certain medications, including flutamide

08/09/2025

What happens if a man is infertile?
If you have male infertility, it means you have
repeated unprotected sexual in*******se for over a
year but your female partner doesn’t get pregnant.
How common is male infertility?
Infertility affects 186 million people worldwide, and
the male partner is the cause in about half of the
cases. Some studies show that male infertility
affects about 10% to 15% of males in the United
States who are trying to conceive.
Is it easy to conceive?
No, it isn’t easy to conceive. The human species is
considered a species with low reproductive
capacity. A fertile and young couple, for every
month of free in*******se, has only a 20-25%
chance of conceiving.
Conception is a complicated process that depends
on many factors in the male and female
reproductive systems, including:
Producing healthy male reproductive cells
(s***m) and a healthy female reproductive
cell (egg).
Unblocked fallopian tubes that allow s***m to
reach the egg.
The s***m’s ability to fertilize the egg when
they meet.
The ability of the fertilized egg (embryo) to
implant in the uterus .
For the pregnancy to continue to full term (39 to
40 weeks and six days), the embryo must be
healthy, and the female’s hormonal environment
must be adequate enough for the embryo to
develop. Infertility can happen if something affects
just one of these factors.

08/09/2025

What is male infertility?
Infertility can concern both male and female
individuals. Specifically, male infertility is a
condition that affects men. It interferes with the
ability of their reproductive system to impregnate a
female.