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Dr. Idris Muhammad, ZARIA, Zaria (2026)

26/01/2026

📘✨ SPEAK RIGHT, WRITE WELL ✨📘
📘✨ YI MAGANA DAI-DAI, KA RUBUTA DA KYAU ✨📘

SSS 1 English Language Lecture Four Made Simple for Easy Understanding
Darasin Harshen Turanci na SSS 1 Darasi na Hudu An Sauƙaƙe Don Fahimta Mai Sauƙi
ENGLISH LANGUAGE SECOND TERM LECTURE SERIES
JERIN DARUSSAN HARSHEN TURANCI NA ZANGO NA BIYU
COURSE TITLE: ENGLISH LANGUAGE
SUNAN DARASI: HARSHEN TURANCI
CLASS: SENIOR SECONDARY SCHOOL ONE SSS ONE
AJI: SENIOR SECONDARY SCHOOL ONE (SSS 1)
COUNTRY: NIGERIA
ƘASA: NAIJERIYA
LECTURE FOUR
DARASI NA HUDU

🗣️ SPEECH: WORDS OF FOUR SYLLABLES
🗣️ MAGANA: KALMOMI MASU SAUTI HUƊU
DEFINITION OF THE TOPIC
MA’ANAR DARASIN

Words of four syllables are words that contain four sound units when pronounced.
Kalmomi masu sauti huɗu su ne kalmomin da ke da sassa huɗu na sauti idan aka furta su.
Stress is placed on one of the syllables to make pronunciation clear and correct.
Ana ɗora ƙarfi a kan ɗaya daga cikin sautukan domin furuci ya zama daidai kuma bayyane.
👉 Simple explanation: Some long words have four beats when we say them, and one beat is louder than the others.
👉 Bayani mai sauƙi: Wasu dogayen kalmomi suna da bugun sauti huɗu idan ana faɗinsu, kuma ɗaya daga cikinsu yafi ƙarfi.
👉 Extra example: E DU CA TION has four beats.
👉 Ƙarin misali: E DU CA TION tana da bugun sauti huɗu.

STRESS ON FIRST SYLLABLE
ƘARFI A KAN SAUTI NA FARKO

Ingratitude is pronounced IN gra ti tude
Ana furta Ingratitude da IN gra ti tude
👉 Explanation: The first part IN is said louder.
👉 Bayani: Sashen farko IN ana faɗinsa da ƙarfi.
Simple sentence Ingratitude is a bad habit
Jimla mai sauƙi: Ingratitude is a bad habit
👉 Example meaning: Being unthankful is bad.
👉 Ma’anar misali: Rashin godiya mummunar ɗabi’a ce.

STRESS ON SECOND SYLLABLE
ƘARFI A KAN SAUTI NA BIYU

Encumbrance is pronounced en CUM brance
Ana furta Encumbrance da en CUM brance
👉 Explanation: The second part CUM is stressed.
👉 Bayani: Sashen na biyu CUM shi ake faɗa da ƙarfi.
Simple sentence Debt can be an encumbrance
Jimla mai sauƙi: Debt can be an encumbrance
👉 Example meaning: Debt can be a burden.
👉 Ma’anar misali: Bashi na iya zama nauyi.
Discriminate is pronounced dis CRI mi nate
Ana furta Discriminate da dis CRI mi nate
👉 Explanation: Stress is on CRI.
👉 Bayani: Ana ɗora ƙarfi a kan CRI.
Simple sentence We must not discriminate against others
Jimla mai sauƙi: We must not discriminate against others
👉 Example meaning: We should treat everyone equally.
👉 Ma’anar misali: Ya kamata mu yi wa kowa adalci.
Topography is pronounced to PO gra phy
Ana furta Topography da to PO gra phy
👉 Explanation: Stress is on PO.
👉 Bayani: Ana ɗora ƙarfi a kan PO.
Simple sentence The map shows the topography of the land
Jimla mai sauƙi: The map shows the topography of the land
👉 Example meaning: The map shows the shape of the land.
👉 Ma’anar misali: Taswira tana nuna siffar ƙasa.

STRESS ON THIRD SYLLABLE
ƘARFI A KAN SAUTI NA UKU

Discrimination is pronounced dis cri MI na tion
Ana furta Discrimination da dis cri MI na tion
👉 Explanation: MI is the stressed part.
👉 Bayani: MI shi ake faɗa da ƙarfi.
Simple sentence Discrimination causes conflict
Jimla mai sauƙi: Discrimination causes conflict
👉 Example meaning: Unfair treatment leads to problems.
👉 Ma’anar misali: Rashin adalci yana haddasa matsala.
Education is pronounced e du CA tion
Ana furta Education da e du CA tion
👉 Explanation: CA is stressed.
👉 Bayani: CA shi ake faɗa da ƙarfi.
Simple sentence Education is very important
Jimla mai sauƙi: Education is very important
👉 Example meaning: Learning is necessary in life.
👉 Ma’anar misali: Ilimi yana da muhimmanci a rayuwa.
Locomotion is pronounced lo co MO tion
Ana furta Locomotion da lo co MO tion
👉 Explanation: MO is stressed.
👉 Bayani: MO shi ake faɗa da ƙarfi.
Simple sentence Animals move by locomotion
Jimla mai sauƙi: Animals move by locomotion
👉 Example meaning: Animals move from place to place.
👉 Ma’anar misali: Dabbobi suna motsi daga wuri zuwa wuri.
Modulation is pronounced mo du LA tion
Ana furta Modulation da mo du LA tion
👉 Explanation: LA is stressed.
👉 Bayani: LA shi ake faɗa da ƙarfi.
Simple sentence Her voice modulation was clear
Jimla mai sauƙi: Her voice modulation was clear
👉 Example meaning: Her voice changed clearly.
👉 Ma’anar misali: Muryarta tana canzawa a fili.
Television is pronounced te le VI sion
Ana furta Television da te le VI sion
👉 Explanation: VI is stressed.
👉 Bayani: VI shi ake faɗa da ƙarfi.
Simple sentence Television is used for information
Jimla mai sauƙi: Television is used for information
👉 Example meaning: TV gives news and knowledge.
👉 Ma’anar misali: Talabijin yana ba da labarai da ilimi.

🧱 STRUCTURE: ADJUNCTS OF PLACE AND TIME
🧱 TSARI: ƘARIN KALMOMIN WURI DA LOKACI
DEFINITION OF ADJUNCTS
MA’ANAR ADJUNCTS

Adjuncts are words or groups of words added to a sentence to give extra information about place time manner or reason.
Adjuncts kalmomi ne ko rukuni na kalmomi da ake ƙara wa jimla domin ba da ƙarin bayani game da wuri, lokaci, salo, ko dalili.
👉 Simple explanation: Adjuncts tell us more about where or when something happens.
👉 Bayani mai sauƙi: Adjuncts suna gaya mana inda ko lokacin da abu ya faru.

ADJUNCTS OF PLACE
ADJUNCTS NA WURI

Adjuncts of place show where an action happens.
Adjuncts na wuri suna nuna inda aiki ya faru.
👉 Explanation: They answer the question where.
👉 Bayani: Suna amsa tambayar ina.
Simple example The book is on the table
Misali mai sauƙi: The book is on the table
👉 Meaning: It tells the place of the book.
👉 Ma’ana: Yana nuna wurin littafin.
Simple example She sat under the tree
Misali mai sauƙi: She sat under the tree
👉 Meaning: It shows where she sat.
👉 Ma’ana: Yana nuna inda ta zauna.
Simple example They live in Lagos
Misali mai sauƙi: They live in Lagos
👉 Meaning: It tells where they live.
👉 Ma’ana: Yana nuna inda suke zama.

ADJUNCTS OF TIME
ADJUNCTS NA LOKACI

Adjuncts of time show when an action happens.
Adjuncts na lokaci suna nuna lokacin da aiki ya faru.
👉 Explanation: They answer the question when.
👉 Bayani: Suna amsa tambayar yaushe.
Simple example We will meet tomorrow
Misali mai sauƙi: We will meet tomorrow
👉 Meaning: It shows the time of meeting.
👉 Ma’ana: Yana nuna lokacin haɗuwa.
Simple example He arrived in the morning
Misali mai sauƙi: He arrived in the morning
👉 Meaning: It tells when he arrived.
👉 Ma’ana: Yana nuna lokacin da ya iso.
Simple example School resumes next week
Misali mai sauƙi: School resumes next week
👉 Meaning: It shows the time school will start.
👉 Ma’ana: Yana nuna lokacin da makaranta za ta buɗe.
📌 This lecture helps students improve pronunciation reading understanding grammar and letter writing in a simple and clear way.
📌 Wannan darasi yana taimaka wa ɗalibai su inganta furuci, fahimtar karatu, nahawu, da rubuta wasiƙa cikin hanya mai sauƙi da bayyane.

25/01/2026

📚✨ MASTER ENGLISH WITH EASE ✨📚
SSS 1 Second Term Lecture Made Simple for Every Learner
ENGLISH LANGUAGE SECOND TERM LECTURE SERIES
CLASS: SENIOR SECONDARY SCHOOL ONE SSS ONE
COUNTRY: NIGERIA
LECTURE THREE

🎧 SPEECH: LISTENING TO GRASP MAIN POINTS IN A POEM
DEFINITION OF THE TOPIC

Listening to grasp main points in a poem means paying careful attention to a poem that is read aloud or recorded in order to understand the central idea and important messages.
👉 Simple explanation: It means listening carefully so you can understand what the poem is really talking about.
👉 Example: When a poem about friendship is read, you listen to know what the poet says about friends.
LISTENING TO POEMS AND RECORDED MATERIALS
Listening involves concentrating on the reader s voice tone and words.
👉 Example: Listening to whether the voice sounds happy, sad, or serious.
Students listen quietly and focus on the meaning of the poem.
👉 Example: Not talking while the poem is being read.
Listening carefully helps in understanding the poet s message.
👉 Example: Knowing whether the poet is advising, warning, or praising.
IDENTIFYING MAIN IDEAS
The main idea is the central message of the poem.
👉 Example: A poem may mainly talk about love or honesty.
It tells what the poem is mainly about.
👉 Example: Whether the poem is about nature, life, or society.
The main idea can be found by listening to repeated words or themes.
👉 Example: If the poet repeats words like peace or war.

IDENTIFYING KEY SENTENCES

Key sentences are lines in the poem that express the main idea.
👉 Example: A line that clearly states the poet s message.
They often contain important words that show the poet s message.
👉 Example: Words like must, should, or always.
Listening carefully helps in identifying these key sentences.
👉 Example: Paying attention to strong or emotional lines.

🧩 STRUCTURE: PHRASAL VERBS TWO
DEFINITION OF THE TOPIC

Phrasal verbs are combinations of verbs and prepositions or adverbs that give new meanings different from the original verb.
👉 Simple explanation: Two words join together to form a new meaning.

EXAMPLES OF PHRASAL VERBS

Give up means to stop doing something.
👉 Example: Stop a bad habit.
Simple sentence He gave up smoking.
Put off means to postpone.
👉 Example: Do something later.
Simple sentence The meeting was put off.
Bring about means to cause something to happen.
👉 Example: Make a change happen.
Simple sentence The new rule brought about change.
Take away means to remove.
👉 Example: Carry something out of a place.
Simple sentence Please take away the dirty plates.

📝 CONTINUOUS WRITING: REPORT WRITING
DEFINITION OF THE TOPIC

A report is a written account that gives information about an event activity or investigation in a clear and factual manner.
👉 Simple explanation: Writing facts about something that happened.

TYPES OF REPORTS

A school report gives information about school events.
👉 Example: Report on a school sports day.
A scientific or technical report presents findings from experiments or investigations.
👉 Example: Report on a science experiment.

FEATURES OF A SCIENTIFIC OR TECHNICAL REPORT

It is written in clear and simple language.
👉 Example: Easy words everyone can understand.
It is factual and objective.
👉 Example: Only true information, no lies.
It follows a logical order.
👉 Example: Step by step explanation.
It avoids personal opinions.
👉 Example: Not saying I think or I feel.

WRITING A SIMPLE REPORT

A report begins with a title.
👉 Example: Report on Water Purification.
It states what happened and how it happened.
👉 Example: Explaining the process clearly.
It gives facts and important details clearly.
👉 Example: Results and observations.
SIMPLE EXAMPLE OF A REPORT
The topic of the experiment was water purification.
👉 Explanation: This tells the title.
The experiment was carried out in the laboratory.
👉 Explanation: This tells the place.
Clean water was obtained after filtration.
👉 Explanation: This tells the result.

✂️ SUMMARY WRITING

DEFINITION OF THE TOPIC

Summary writing is the process of reducing a passage to its main points using fewer words.
👉 Simple explanation: Shortening a passage without losing meaning.

CHARACTERISTICS OF A GOOD SUMMARY

It is brief and clear.
👉 Example: Short but understandable.
It contains only the main ideas.
👉 Example: No extra details.
It is written in the student s own words.
👉 Example: Not copying directly.

IDENTIFYING KEY SENTENCES

Key sentences contain the main ideas of a passage.
👉 Example: The most important lines.
They guide the writer in writing a good summary.
👉 Example: Helping to know what to include.

SUMMARIZING A PASSAGE IN SPECIFIED SENTENCES

The passage is read carefully.
👉 Example: Reading more than once.
Main points are selected.
👉 Example: Choosing important ideas.
The summary is written in the required number of sentences.
👉 Example: Two or three sentences only.

SIMPLE EXAMPLE

Original idea Students studied hard for the examination and achieved good results.
👉 Explanation: Long sentence.
Summary Students worked hard and succeeded.
👉 Explanation: Shortened form.

📌 SUMMARY OF THE LESSON

Listening helps students understand poems better.
👉 Example: Knowing poet s message.
Phrasal verbs create new meanings.
👉 Example: Give up means stop.
Report writing presents facts clearly.
👉 Example: Writing about events.
Summary writing focuses on main ideas only.
👉 Example: Short and clear writing.
🌟 This lesson helps SSS 1 students improve listening, grammar, writing, and comprehension skills in a simple way.

25/01/2026

📘✨ SPEAK RIGHT, WRITE WELL ✨📘

SSS 1 English Language Lecture Four Made Simple for Easy Understanding
ENGLISH LANGUAGE SECOND TERM LECTURE SERIES
COURSE TITLE: ENGLISH LANGUAGE
CLASS: SENIOR SECONDARY SCHOOL ONE SSS ONE
COUNTRY: NIGERIA
LECTURE FOUR

🗣️ SPEECH: WORDS OF FOUR SYLLABLES
DEFINITION OF THE TOPIC

Words of four syllables are words that contain four sound units when pronounced. Stress is placed on one of the syllables to make pronunciation clear and correct.
👉 Simple explanation: Some long words have four beats when we say them, and one beat is louder than the others.
👉 Extra example: E DU CA TION has four beats.
STRESS ON FIRST SYLLABLE
Ingratitude is pronounced IN gra ti tude
👉 Explanation: The first part IN is said louder.
Simple sentence Ingratitude is a bad habit
👉 Example meaning: Being unthankful is bad.
STRESS ON SECOND SYLLABLE
Encumbrance is pronounced en CUM brance
👉 Explanation: The second part CUM is stressed.
Simple sentence Debt can be an encumbrance
👉 Example meaning: Debt can be a burden.
Discriminate is pronounced dis CRI mi nate
👉 Explanation: Stress is on CRI.
Simple sentence We must not discriminate against others
👉 Example meaning: We should treat everyone equally.
Topography is pronounced to PO gra phy
👉 Explanation: Stress is on PO.
Simple sentence The map shows the topography of the land
👉 Example meaning: The map shows the shape of the land.
STRESS ON THIRD SYLLABLE
Discrimination is pronounced dis cri MI na tion
👉 Explanation: MI is the stressed part.
Simple sentence Discrimination causes conflict
👉 Example meaning: Unfair treatment leads to problems.
Education is pronounced e du CA tion
👉 Explanation: CA is stressed.
Simple sentence Education is very important
👉 Example meaning: Learning is necessary in life.
Locomotion is pronounced lo co MO tion
👉 Explanation: MO is stressed.
Simple sentence Animals move by locomotion
👉 Example meaning: Animals move from place to place.
Modulation is pronounced mo du LA tion
👉 Explanation: LA is stressed.
Simple sentence Her voice modulation was clear
👉 Example meaning: Her voice changed clearly.
Television is pronounced te le VI sion
👉 Explanation: VI is stressed.
Simple sentence Television is used for information
👉 Example meaning: TV gives news and knowledge.
🧱 STRUCTURE: ADJUNCTS OF PLACE AND TIME
DEFINITION OF ADJUNCTS
Adjuncts are words or groups of words added to a sentence to give extra information about place time manner or reason.
👉 Simple explanation: Adjuncts tell us more about where or when something happens.
ADJUNCTS OF PLACE
Adjuncts of place show where an action happens.
👉 Explanation: They answer the question where.
Simple example The book is on the table
👉 Meaning: It tells the place of the book.
Simple example She sat under the tree
👉 Meaning: It shows where she sat.
Simple example They live in Lagos
👉 Meaning: It tells where they live.
ADJUNCTS OF TIME
Adjuncts of time show when an action happens.
👉 Explanation: They answer the question when.
Simple example We will meet tomorrow
👉 Meaning: It shows the time of meeting.
Simple example He arrived in the morning
👉 Meaning: It tells when he arrived.
Simple example School resumes next week
👉 Meaning: It shows the time school will start.
📖 COMPREHENSION: READING SKILLS
READING TO IDENTIFY SPEAKER S MOOD AND TONE

Mood refers to the feeling expressed by the speaker.
👉 Example: Happiness or sadness.
Tone refers to the attitude of the speaker towards the subject.
👉 Example: Serious or angry tone.
Careful reading helps identify whether the speaker is happy sad angry or serious.
👉 Example: Words used show emotions.
MAIN AND SECONDARY POINTS
The main point is the central idea of the passage.
👉 Example: What the passage is mainly about.
Secondary points support and explain the main point.
👉 Example: Details that give more explanation.
Both can be identified by careful reading.
👉 Example: Reading slowly and attentively.

✍️ CONTINUOUS WRITING: INFORMAL
LETTER REVISION

MEANING OF AN INFORMAL LETTER

An informal letter is a personal letter written to friends relatives or people well known to the writer.
👉 Simple explanation: A friendly letter to someone you know.
FEATURES OF AN INFORMAL LETTER
It uses a friendly tone.
👉 Example: Polite and warm language.
It has a writer s address and date.
👉 Example: Home address at the top.
It has a greeting body and closing.
👉 Example: Dear friend and Yours sincerely.
FORMAT OF AN INFORMAL LETTER
Writer s address
👉 Example: No 5 Market Road Ibadan.
Date
👉 Example: 10th June 2026.
Greeting
👉 Example: Dear Aisha.
Body of the letter
👉 Example: Main message.
Closing
👉 Example: Yours sincerely.
Writer s name
👉 Example: Musa.
WRITING AN INFORMAL LETTER
The writer begins with a friendly greeting.
👉 Example: Dear my friend.
Ideas are expressed clearly in the body.
👉 Example: Writing simple sentences.
The letter ends politely.
👉 Example: Best wishes.
SIMPLE EXAMPLE
Dear Aisha
👉 Explanation: This is the greeting.
I hope you are fine. I am writing to tell you about my new school. The teachers are kind and the students are friendly.
👉 Explanation: This is the body.
Yours sincerely
👉 Explanation: This is the closing.
Musa
👉 Explanation: This is the writer s name.
📌 This lecture helps students improve pronunciation reading understanding grammar and letter writing in a simple and clear way.

25/01/2026

📚✨ MASTER ENGLISH WITH EASE ✨📚
📚✨ KWARE A HARSHEN TURANCI CIKIN SAUƘI ✨📚

SSS 1 Second Term Lecture Made Simple for Every Learner
Darasin Zango na Biyu ga SSS 1 An Sauƙaƙe Shi Ga Kowane Ɗalibi
ENGLISH LANGUAGE SECOND TERM LECTURE SERIES
JERIN DARUSSAN HARSHEN TURANCI NA ZANGO NA BIYU
CLASS: SENIOR SECONDARY SCHOOL ONE SSS ONE
AJI: SENIOR SECONDARY SCHOOL ONE (SSS 1)
COUNTRY: NIGERIA
ƘASA: NAIJERIYA
LECTURE THREE
DARASI NA UKU
🎧 SPEECH: LISTENING TO GRASP MAIN POINTS IN A POEM
🎧 MAGANA: SAURARO DON FAHIMTAR MUHIMMAN MANUFOFI A WAƘA
DEFINITION OF THE TOPIC
MA’ANAR DARASIN
Listening to grasp main points in a poem means paying careful attention to a poem that is read aloud or recorded in order to understand the central idea and important messages.
Sauraro don fahimtar muhimman manufofi a waƙa na nufin mai da hankali sosai ga waƙar da ake karantawa da ƙarfi ko aka ɗauka a sauti domin fahimtar babban ra’ayi da saƙonni masu muhimmanci.
👉 Simple explanation: It means listening carefully so you can understand what the poem is really talking about.
👉 Bayani mai sauƙi: Yana nufin sauraro da kyau domin ka fahimci abin da waƙar ke magana a kai sosai.
👉 Example: When a poem about friendship is read, you listen to know what the poet says about friends.
👉 Misali: Idan an karanta waƙa game da abota, kana sauraro domin sanin abin da mawaki ya faɗa game da abokai.
LISTENING TO POEMS AND RECORDED MATERIALS
SAURARO GA WAƘOƘI DA ABUBUWAN DA AKA ƊAUKE A SAUTI
Listening involves concentrating on the reader s voice tone and words.
Sauraro yana buƙatar mai da hankali ga sautin murya da kalmomin mai karatu.
👉 Example: Listening to whether the voice sounds happy, sad, or serious.
👉 Misali: Sauraro don gano ko murya na nuna farin ciki, baƙin ciki, ko tsanani.
Students listen quietly and focus on the meaning of the poem.
Ɗalibai suna sauraro cikin nutsuwa kuma suna mai da hankali ga ma’anar waƙar.
👉 Example: Not talking while the poem is being read.
👉 Misali: Rashin magana yayin da ake karanta waƙar.
Listening carefully helps in understanding the poet s message.
Sauraro da kyau yana taimakawa wajen fahimtar saƙon mawaki.
👉 Example: Knowing whether the poet is advising, warning, or praising.
👉 Misali: Sanin ko mawaki yana ba da shawara, gargadi, ko yabawa.
IDENTIFYING MAIN IDEAS
GANOWA DA FAHIMTAR BABBAN RA’AYI
The main idea is the central message of the poem.
Babban ra’ayi shi ne muhimmin saƙon waƙar.
👉 Example: A poem may mainly talk about love or honesty.
👉 Misali: Waƙa na iya yin magana ne akan soyayya ko gaskiya.
It tells what the poem is mainly about.
Yana bayyana abin da waƙar ta fi mayar da hankali a kai.
👉 Example: Whether the poem is about nature, life, or society.
👉 Misali: Ko waƙar na magana ne akan yanayi, rayuwa, ko al’umma.
The main idea can be found by listening to repeated words or themes.
Ana iya gano babban ra’ayi ta hanyar sauraron kalmomi ko jigogi da ake maimaitawa.
👉 Example: If the poet repeats words like peace or war.
👉 Misali: Idan mawaki yana maimaita kalmomi kamar zaman lafiya ko yaƙi.
IDENTIFYING KEY SENTENCES
GANOWA DA FAHIMTAR MUHIMMAN JIMLOLI
Key sentences are lines in the poem that express the main idea.
Muhimman jimloli su ne layukan waƙa da ke bayyana babban ra’ayi.
👉 Example: A line that clearly states the poet s message.
👉 Misali: Jimla da ke bayyana saƙon mawaki a fili.
They often contain important words that show the poet s message.
Sau da yawa suna ɗauke da muhimman kalmomi da ke nuna saƙon mawaki.
👉 Example: Words like must, should, or always.
👉 Misali: Kalmomi kamar dole, ya kamata, ko koyaushe.
Listening carefully helps in identifying these key sentences.
Sauraro da kyau yana taimakawa wajen gano waɗannan muhimman jimloli.
👉 Example: Paying attention to strong or emotional lines.
👉 Misali: Mai da hankali ga layukan da ke da ƙarfi ko motsin rai.
🧩 STRUCTURE: PHRASAL VERBS TWO
🧩 TSARI: PHRASAL VERBS NA BIYU
DEFINITION OF THE TOPIC
MA’ANAR DARASIN
Phrasal verbs are combinations of verbs and prepositions or adverbs that give new meanings different from the original verb.
Phrasal verbs haɗuwa ne tsakanin fi’ili da harafi ko karin magana da ke ba da sabuwar ma’ana daban da ta asali.
👉 Simple explanation: Two words join together to form a new meaning.
👉 Bayani mai sauƙi: Kalmomi biyu suna haɗuwa su samar da sabuwar ma’ana.
EXAMPLES OF PHRASAL VERBS
MISALAN PHRASAL VERBS
Give up means to stop doing something.
Give up na nufin daina yin wani abu.
👉 Example: Stop a bad habit.
👉 Misali: Daina mummunar ɗabi’a.
Simple sentence He gave up smoking.
Jimla mai sauƙi: Ya daina shan taba.
Put off means to postpone.
Put off na nufin jinkirta abu.
👉 Example: Do something later.
👉 Misali: Yin wani abu daga baya.
Simple sentence The meeting was put off.
Jimla mai sauƙi: An jinkirta taron.
Bring about means to cause something to happen.
Bring about na nufin haddasa wani abu ya faru.
👉 Example: Make a change happen.
👉 Misali: Sa canji ya faru.
Simple sentence The new rule brought about change.
Jimla mai sauƙi: Sabuwar doka ta kawo canji.
Take away means to remove.
Take away na nufin cire wani abu.
👉 Example: Carry something out of a place.
👉 Misali: Daukar wani abu daga wuri.
Simple sentence Please take away the dirty plates.
Jimla mai sauƙi: Don Allah ka cire farantan datti.
📝 CONTINUOUS WRITING: REPORT WRITING
📝 RUBUTU MAI CI GABA: RUBUTA RAHOTO
DEFINITION OF THE TOPIC
MA’ANAR DARASIN
A report is a written account that gives information about an event activity or investigation in a clear and factual manner.
Rahoto rubutu ne da ke ba da bayani game da wani lamari, aiki, ko bincike cikin tsari mai gaskiya da bayyani.
👉 Simple explanation: Writing facts about something that happened.
👉 Bayani mai sauƙi: Rubuta gaskiyar abin da ya faru.
TYPES OF REPORTS
IRE-IREN RAHOTANNI
A school report gives information about school events.
Rahoton makaranta yana ba da bayani game da abubuwan da s**a faru a makaranta.
👉 Example: Report on a school sports day.
👉 Misali: Rahoto game da ranar wasanni a makaranta.
A scientific or technical report presents findings from experiments or investigations.
Rahoton kimiyya ko fasaha yana gabatar da sakamakon gwaje-gwaje ko bincike.
👉 Example: Report on a science experiment.
👉 Misali: Rahoto game da gwajin kimiyya.
FEATURES OF A SCIENTIFIC OR TECHNICAL REPORT
SIFFOFIN RAHOTON KIMIYYA KO FASAHA
It is written in clear and simple language.
Ana rubuta shi da harshe mai sauƙi da fahimta.
👉 Example: Easy words everyone can understand.
👉 Misali: Kalmomi masu sauƙi da kowa zai fahimta.
It is factual and objective.
Yana ɗauke da gaskiya kuma ba tare da son rai ba.
👉 Example: Only true information, no lies.
👉 Misali: Gaskiya kawai, babu ƙarya.
It follows a logical order.
Yana bin tsari mai ma’ana.
👉 Example: Step by step explanation.
👉 Misali: Bayani mataki-mataki.
It avoids personal opinions.
Yana kauce wa ra’ayin kai.
👉 Example: Not saying I think or I feel.
👉 Misali: Rashin faɗin ina tunani ko ina ji.
WRITING A SIMPLE REPORT
RUBUTA RAHOTO MAI SAUƘI
A report begins with a title.
Rahoto yana farawa da take.
👉 Example: Report on Water Purification.
👉 Misali: Rahoto akan Tsabtace Ruwa.
It states what happened and how it happened.
Yana bayyana abin da ya faru da yadda ya faru.
👉 Example: Explaining the process clearly.
👉 Misali: Bayyana tsarin a sarari.
It gives facts and important details clearly.
Yana ba da gaskiya da muhimman bayanai a fili.
👉 Example: Results and observations.
👉 Misali: Sakamako da abin da aka lura.
SIMPLE EXAMPLE OF A REPORT
MISALI MAI SAUƘI NA RAHOTO
The topic of the experiment was water purification.
Taken gwajin shi ne tsabtace ruwa.
👉 Explanation: This tells the title.
👉 Bayani: Wannan yana nuna take.
The experiment was carried out in the laboratory.
An gudanar da gwajin a dakin gwaje-gwaje.
👉 Explanation: This tells the place.
👉 Bayani: Wannan yana nuna wurin.
Clean water was obtained after filtration.
An samu ruwa mai tsabta bayan tacewa.
👉 Explanation: This tells the result.
👉 Bayani: Wannan yana nuna sakamako.
✂️ SUMMARY WRITING
✂️ RUBUTUN TAKAITAWA
DEFINITION OF THE TOPIC
MA’ANAR DARASIN
Summary writing is the process of reducing a passage to its main points using fewer words.
Rubutun takaitawa tsari ne na rage dogon rubutu zuwa muhimman ra’ayoyinsa da kalmomi kaɗan.
👉 Simple explanation: Shortening a passage without losing meaning.
👉 Bayani mai sauƙi: Rage rubutu ba tare da rasa ma’ana ba.
CHARACTERISTICS OF A GOOD SUMMARY
SIFFOFIN TAKAITAWA MAI KYAU
It is brief and clear.
Yana gajere kuma bayyane.
👉 Example: Short but understandable.
👉 Misali: Gajere amma mai fahimta.
It contains only the main ideas.
Yana ɗauke da manyan ra’ayoyi kawai.
👉 Example: No extra details.
👉 Misali: Babu ƙarin bayani.
It is written in the student s own words.
Ana rubuta shi da kalmomin ɗalibi kansa.
👉 Example: Not copying directly.
👉 Misali: Ba kwafi kai tsaye ba.
IDENTIFYING KEY SENTENCES
GANOWA DA FAHIMTAR MUHIMMAN JIMLOLI
Key sentences contain the main ideas of a passage.
Muhimman jimloli suna ɗauke da manyan ra’ayoyin rubutu.
👉 Example: The most important lines.
👉 Misali: Layuka mafi muhimmanci.
They guide the writer in writing a good summary.
Suna jagorantar mai rubutu wajen yin takaitawa mai kyau.
👉 Example: Helping to know what to include.
👉 Misali: Taimakawa sanin abin da za a saka.
SUMMARIZING A PASSAGE IN SPECIFIED SENTENCES
TAKAITA RUBUTU A JIMLOLI DA AKA ƘAYYADE
The passage is read carefully.
Ana karanta rubutun da kyau.
👉 Example: Reading more than once.
👉 Misali: Karantawa fiye da sau ɗaya.
Main points are selected.
Ana zaɓar manyan ra’ayoyi.
👉 Example: Choosing important ideas.
👉 Misali: Zaɓen muhimman ra’ayoyi.
The summary is written in the required number of sentences.
Ana rubuta takaitawar da adadin jimlolin da aka buƙata.
👉 Example: Two or three sentences only.
👉 Misali: Jimloli biyu ko uku kawai.
SIMPLE EXAMPLE
MISALI MAI SAUƘI
Original idea Students studied hard for the examination and achieved good results.
Ra’ayi na asali: Ɗalibai sun yi karatu tuƙuru domin jarabawa kuma sun samu sakamako mai kyau.
👉 Explanation: Long sentence.
👉 Bayani: Jimla mai tsawo.
Summary Students worked hard and succeeded.
Takaitawa: Ɗalibai sun yi aiki tuƙuru kuma sun yi nasara.
👉 Explanation: Shortened form.
👉 Bayani: Tsarin da aka rage.
📌 SUMMARY OF THE LESSON
📌 TAKAITACCEN BAYANIN DARASI
Listening helps students understand poems better.
Sauraro yana taimaka wa ɗalibai su fahimci waƙoƙi sosai.
👉 Example: Knowing poet s message.
👉 Misali: Sanin saƙon mawaki.
Phrasal verbs create new meanings.
Phrasal verbs suna samar da sabbin ma’anoni.
👉 Example: Give up means stop.
👉 Misali: Give up na nufin daina.
Report writing presents facts clearly.
Rubuta rahoto yana gabatar da gaskiya a sarari.
👉 Example: Writing about events.
👉 Misali: Rubutu game da abubuwan da s**a faru.
Summary writing focuses on main ideas only.
Rubutun takaitawa yana mai da hankali kan manyan ra’ayoyi kawai.
👉 Example: Short and clear writing.
👉 Misali: Rubutu gajere kuma bayyane.
🌟 This lesson helps SSS 1 students improve listening, grammar, writing, and comprehension skills in a simple way.
🌟 Wannan darasi yana taimaka wa ɗaliban SSS 1 su inganta sauraro, nahawu, rubutu, da fahimta cikin hanya mai sauƙi.

25/01/2026

💊 INSIDE THE WORLD OF MEDICINES 💊
How Drug Firms and Pharmaceutical Industries Keep Us Healthy
💊 Cikin Duniyar Magunguna 💊
Yadda Kamfanonin Magunguna da Masana’antar Pharmaceutical ke Kare Lafiyarmu
COURSE TITLE: INTRODUCTION TO PHARMACOLOGY AND THERAPEUTIC

PREPARED BY: IDRIS M. MUHAMMAD

📘 LECTURE TITLE: DRUG FIRMS AND PHARMACEUTICAL INDUSTRIES
📘 TAKEN DARASI: KAMFANONIN MAGUNGUNA DA MASANA’ANTAR PHARMACEUTICAL
🔍 DEFINITION
🔍 MA’ANA

Drug firms and pharmaceutical industries are organizations involved in the research, development, production, marketing, and distribution of medicines used for the prevention, diagnosis, and treatment of diseases in humans.
Kamfanonin magunguna da masana’antar pharmaceutical su ne kungiyoyi da ke yin bincike, kirkira, samarwa, tallatawa, da rarraba magungunan da ake amfani da su wajen rigakafi, ganowa, da maganin cututtuka a jikin bil’adama.
👉 Simple explanation: These are companies that make medicines we use in hospitals, clinics, and pharmacies.
👉 Bayani mai sauƙi: Waɗannan kamfanoni ne da ke kera magungunan da muke amfani da su a asibitoci, cibiyoyin lafiya, da kantunan magani.
👉 Example: Companies that produce malaria drugs, antibiotics, vaccines, and pain relievers.
👉 Misali: Kamfanonin da ke samar da magungunan zazzabin cizon sauro, antibiotics, allurai (vaccines), da magungunan rage radadi.

🌍 OVERVIEW OF DRUG FIRMS AND PHARMACEUTICAL INDUSTRIES
🌍 TAKAITACCEN BAYANI KAN KAMFANONIN MAGUNGUNA DA MASANA’ANTAR PHARMACEUTICAL

Drug firms operate at different levels, ranging from small local manufacturers to large multinational pharmaceutical companies.
Kamfanonin magunguna suna aiki a matakai daban-daban, daga kananan masana’antu na cikin gida zuwa manyan kamfanonin duniya.
👉 Example: A small Nigerian drug company versus a global company like Pfizer.
👉 Misali: Karamin kamfanin magunguna na Najeriya idan aka kwatanta da babban kamfani na duniya kamar Pfizer.
These industries form a vital part of the healthcare system by ensuring the continuous availability of quality medicines.
Wadannan masana’antu muhimmin bangare ne na tsarin kiwon lafiya domin suna tabbatar da samun ingantattun magunguna a koda yaushe.
👉 Example: Making sure drugs are available during disease outbreaks.
👉 Misali: Tabbatar da samuwar magunguna yayin barkewar cututtuka.

🏭 TYPES OF DRUG FIRMS
🏭 IRE-IREN KAMFANONIN MAGUNGUNA

Some drug firms focus mainly on research and development of new medicines.
Wasu kamfanonin magunguna suna mai da hankali ne kan bincike da kirkirar sabbin magunguna.
👉 Example: Companies searching for new drugs for cancer or HIV.
👉 Misali: Kamfanonin da ke neman sabbin magunguna don cutar kansa ko HIV.
Other firms specialize in the manufacture of generic drugs that are affordable and widely accessible.
Wasu kuma suna kwarewa wajen samar da generic drugs masu araha da sauƙin samu.
👉 Example: Production of cheaper malaria tablets used in public hospitals.
👉 Misali: Samar da magungunan malaria masu rahusa da ake amfani da su a asibitocin gwamnati.
Certain pharmaceutical industries concentrate on vaccines, biological products, herbal medicines, or medical devices.
Wasu masana’antun pharmaceutical suna mai da hankali kan allurai, kayayyakin halittu, magungunan gargajiya, ko kayan aikin likitanci.
👉 Example: Vaccine-producing companies supporting immunization programs.
👉 Misali: Kamfanonin samar da allurai da ke tallafawa shirye-shiryen rigakafi.

⚙️ FUNCTIONS OF PHARMACEUTICAL INDUSTRIES

⚙️ AIKIN MASANA’ANTAR PHARMACEUTICAL
Pharmaceutical industries conduct research to discover new drugs.
Masana’antar pharmaceutical na gudanar da bincike domin gano sabbin magunguna.
👉 Example: Research laboratories testing new medicines.
👉 Misali: Dakunan gwaje-gwaje na bincike da ke gwada sabbin magunguna.
They test medicines to confirm safety, quality, and effectiveness.
Suna gwada magunguna domin tabbatar da tsaro, inganci, da tasiri.
👉 Example: Clinical trials before drugs are approved.
👉 Misali: Gwaje-gwajen asibiti kafin a amince da magani.
They manufacture drugs in large quantities following strict production standards.
Suna kera magunguna da yawa tare da bin ka’idojin samarwa masu tsauri.
👉 Example: Tablet and injection production factories.
👉 Misali: Masana’antun kera kwayoyi da allurai.
They distribute medicines to hospitals, pharmacies, clinics, and health facilities.
Suna rarraba magunguna zuwa asibitoci, kantunan magani, cibiyoyin lafiya, da sauran wuraren kiwon lafiya.
👉 Example: Supplying drugs to primary healthcare centers.
👉 Misali: Isar da magunguna zuwa cibiyoyin kula da lafiya na farko.

🌱 IMPORTANCE IN PUBLIC HEALTH
🌱 MUHIMMANCIN SU A KIYON LAFIYAR AL’UMMA

Drug firms help in the prevention and control of diseases by producing essential medicines.
Kamfanonin magunguna suna taimakawa wajen rigakafi da dakile cututtuka ta hanyar samar da muhimman magunguna.
👉 Example: Antimalarial drugs reducing malaria deaths.
👉 Misali: Magungunan malaria da ke rage mace-macen zazzabin cizon sauro.
They support public health programs such as immunization through vaccine production.
Suna tallafawa shirye-shiryen kiwon lafiyar al’umma kamar rigakafi ta hanyar samar da allurai.
👉 Example: Vaccines used for polio and measles campaigns.
👉 Misali: Alluran rigakafin shan inna da kyanda.
They ensure the availability of life-saving drugs such as antimalarials, antibiotics, and vaccines.
Suna tabbatar da samuwar magungunan ceton rai kamar antimalarial, antibiotics, da allurai.
👉 Example: Emergency drugs used in outbreaks.
👉 Misali: Magungunan gaggawa da ake amfani da su yayin barkewar cututtuka.

🔬 ROLE IN DRUG DEVELOPMENT
🔬 RAWAR SU WAJEN KIRKIRAR MAGUNGUNA

Pharmaceutical industries are responsible for developing new drugs from the laboratory stage to clinical use.
Masana’antar pharmaceutical ce ke da alhakin kirkirar sabbin magunguna daga matakin dakin gwaje-gwaje zuwa amfani a asibiti.
👉 Example: From testing in animals to human use.
👉 Misali: Daga gwaji a kan dabbobi zuwa amfani ga mutane.
They conduct clinical trials to establish drug safety, dosage, and effectiveness.
Suna gudanar da gwaje-gwajen asibiti domin tantance tsaron magani, adadin sha, da tasirinsa.
👉 Example: Determining the correct dose of a new medicine.
👉 Misali: Gano daidai adadin shan sabon magani.
They work closely with regulatory authorities before medicines are approved for public use.
Suna aiki tare da hukumomin kula da magunguna kafin a amince da su don amfani ga jama’a.
👉 Example: Approval by NAFDAC before sale in Nigeria.
👉 Misali: Amincewar NAFDAC kafin sayar da magani a Najeriya.

🛡️ DRUG REGULATION AND QUALITY CONTROL
🛡️ DOKOKIN MAGUNGUNA DA KULA DA INGANCI

Drug firms must comply with national and international drug regulations.
Dole ne kamfanonin magunguna su bi dokokin magunguna na kasa da na duniya.
👉 Example: Following NAFDAC and WHO guidelines.
👉 Misali: Bin ka’idojin NAFDAC da WHO.
Quality control measures ensure that medicines are safe, effective, and free from contamination.
Matakan kula da inganci suna tabbatar da cewa magunguna suna da tsaro, tasiri, kuma ba su da gurɓatawa.
👉 Example: Laboratory testing of drug samples.
👉 Misali: Gwajin samfurin magani a dakin gwaje-gwaje.
Regulatory bodies monitor pharmaceutical industries to protect public health.
Hukumomin kulawa suna sa ido kan masana’antar pharmaceutical domin kare lafiyar jama’a.
👉 Example: Factory inspections by government agencies.
👉 Misali: Duban masana’antu da hukumomin gwamnati ke yi.

⚠️ CHALLENGES FACED BY PHARMACEUTICAL INDUSTRIES
⚠️ KALUBALEN DA MASANA’ANTAR PHARMACEUTICAL KE FUSKANTA

High cost of research and drug development remains a major challenge.
Yawan kudin bincike da kirkirar magunguna na daga cikin manyan kalubale.
👉 Example: Spending millions before one drug is approved.
👉 Misali: Kashe miliyoyi kafin a amince da magani guda daya.
The presence of counterfeit and substandard drugs affects public trust.
Yawaitar jabun magunguna da marasa inganci na rage amincewar jama’a.
👉 Example: Fake drugs in the market causing treatment failure.
👉 Misali: Jabun magunguna a kasuwa da ke hana samun waraka.
Inadequate infrastructure and limited funding can hinder local drug production.
Rashin isassun kayayyakin more rayuwa da karancin kudi na hana samar da magunguna a gida.
👉 Example: Poor electricity supply affecting factories.
👉 Misali: Rashin wutar lantarki da ke shafar masana’antu.
📌 This lecture helps ND Public Health students understand where medicines come from and why pharmaceutical industries are important to health systems.
📌 Wannan darasi yana taimaka wa daliban ND Public Health su fahimci daga ina magunguna ke fitowa da kuma dalilin da ya sa masana’antar pharmaceutical ke da muhimmanci ga tsarin kiwon lafiya.

Dr. Idris Muhammad

26/01/2026

25/01/2026

25/01/2026

25/01/2026

25/01/2026

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