19/09/2025
Tetanus in buffalo is caused by Clostridium tetani, a spore-forming, anaerobic bacterium that produces a potent neurotoxin (tetanospasmin). It usually enters the body through deep puncture wounds, castration, parturition injuries, or contaminated surgical procedures.
Clinical Signs in Buffalo
Stiffness of muscles, difficulty in movement (“sawhorse stance”)
Protrusion of third eyelid (nictitating membrane) when the animal is startled
Lockjaw (difficulty in chewing and swallowing)
Tail held stiff, ears erect, hypersensitivity to sound/light/touch
Generalized muscle spasms → recumbency
Death usually occurs due to respiratory muscle paralysis
Diagnosis
History of wound/surgery and clinical signs are usually sufficient.
Laboratory confirmation is rare in field conditions.
Treatment Protocol
Neutralize toxin
Tetanus antitoxin (TAT): 50,000 – 100,000 IU IV/IM (depending on severity, repeat after 24 hrs if needed).
Control infection
Penicillin (Procaine penicillin G): 22,000–44,000 IU/kg IM daily for 5–7 days.
Metronidazole (25 mg/kg PO/IV BID) is also effective against anaerobes.
Relax muscle spasms
Sedatives/tranquilizers: Diazepam 0.5 mg/kg IV or Acepromazine 0.02–0.05 mg/kg IM.
Magnesium sulfate (200–300 ml of 25% solution IV slowly) helps reduce spasms.
Wound management
Thorough surgical debridement and flushing with antiseptics (H₂O₂, iodine).
Maintain in clean, dark, quiet environment to reduce stimulation.
Supportive care
Fluid therapy and nutrition support if animal cannot eat.
Prevention
Tetanus toxoid vaccination (TT vaccine):
Primary dose: 5 ml SC/IM (depending on manufacturer)
Booster: after 4–6 weeks
Revaccination: annually
Proper aseptic techniques during surgery, castration, dehorning, or parturition.