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01/10/2025

Direct acting cholinergic drugs
 Acetyl-choline
 Methacholine
 Carbachol
 Bethanechol
 Pilocarpine
Indirect acting cholinergic drugs
 Reversible (Physostigmine, Neostigmine)
 Irreversible (Organ phosphorus, Echothiophate)

01/10/2025

Classification of anti cholinergic drugs
1. Antimuscarinics Drugs
 Atropine
 Scopolamine
2. Antinicotinics Drugs
 Ganglionic blockers (Hexamethonium)
 Neuromuscular blockers (Atracuronium)
Uses of Anti cholinergic Drugs
 Respiratory disorders, such as COPD.
 Overactive bladder and incontinence.
 Asthma.
 Symptoms of Parkinson's disease, such as tremor.
 Cardiovascular disease.
 Gastrointestinal symptoms, such as vomiting.
 Allergies.
 Depression.

01/10/2025

Classification of anti angina drugs
1. Nitrates
 Nitroglycerin
 Isosorbide mononitrates
 Isosorbide dinitrates
2. Beta blockers
 Atenolol
 Bisprolol
 Metoprolol
3. Calcium channel blockers
 Amlodipine
 Diltiazem
 Verapamil
Mechanism action of Beta blockers
Beta blockers work by blocking the effects of the hormone epinephrine, also known as
adrenaline. Beta blockers cause the heart to beat more slowly and with less force, which
lowers blood pressure. Beta blockers also help widen veins and arteries to improve blood
flow.

01/10/2025

Classification of Corticosteroids
1. Short acting agent
 Hydrocortisone
 Cortisone
2. Intermediate acting agent
 Prednisole
 Methyl prednisole
 Triamcinolone
3. Long acting agent
 Paramethasone
 Dexamethasone
 Betamethasone
Long term side effects of corticosteroids
 Weight gain
 Osteoporosis and fracture
 Infection risk
 Cataract & Glaucoma
 Hypertension
 Hyperglycemia

01/10/2025

Drugs used for Asthma
1. Bronchodilators Drugs
 Beta Agonists
 Methylxanthines
 Muscarinic Antagonists
2. Anti-inflammatory Drugs
 Corticosteroids
 Mast cell Stabilizer
 Leukotriene Antagonists
3. Beta2 Agonists Drugs
 Short acting Beta agonist
 Long acting Beta agonist

01/10/2025

Drugs used for Hyperthyroidism
1. Antithyroid drugs
 Propylthiouracil
 Methimazole
2. S.S.K.I (saturated solution of potassium iodide)
3. Beta-adregenic blocker
 Propranolol
4. Radioactive iodine

01/10/2025

[Classification of Insulin]
There are four main groups of insulin.
1. Rapid acting insulin
 Lispro (humolog)
 Aspart (novolog)
 Gilulisine (apidra)
2. Short acting insulin
 Regular (humulin or novolin)
 Velosulin (used in insulin pump)
3. Intermediate acting insulin
 NPH (N)
4. Long acting insulin
 Insulin glargine (lantus)
 Insulin detemir (levemir)
Mechanism of action of Insulin
In liver, insulin activates glycogen synthesis, increases lipogenic gene expression, and
decreases gluconeogenic gene expression. In white adipocyte tissue (WAT), insulin
suppresses lipolysis and increases glucose transport and lipogenesis

20/09/2025

Blood Sugar Regulator - Insulin
Water Balance Hormone - ADH

20/09/2025

Bone Growth Hormone - Calcitor
Fat-Burning Hormone - Glucagon

20/09/2025

Metabolism Hormone - Thyroxine
Growth Hormone - Somatotropin

20/09/2025

Hunger Hormone - Ghrelin
Fullness Hormone - Leptin

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