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Sonography Made Easy helps future sonographers prepare for ARDMS exams with focused training and clear career guidance—so you’re ready to move forward with confidence.

29/01/2026

No this is inappropriate 😅

post just for fun 🤣

29/01/2026

Cholelithiasis and Incomplete hepatization of GB

28/01/2026

𝗙𝗿𝗲𝗲 𝗔𝗥𝗗𝗠𝗦 𝗪𝗲𝗯𝗶𝗻𝗮𝗿 𝗳𝗼𝗿 𝗦𝗼𝗻𝗼𝗴𝗿𝗮𝗽𝗵𝗲𝗿𝘀 — 𝗖𝗼𝗺𝗶𝗻𝗴 𝗦𝗼𝗼𝗻

If ARDMS is on your list, this webinar will give you clarity before you take the next step.
At Sonography Made Easy, we’re organizing a free dedicated session for sonographers who want proper guidance on international certification—not guesses, not half information.

𝗪𝗵𝗮𝘁 𝘁𝗵𝗶𝘀 𝘄𝗲𝗯𝗶𝗻𝗮𝗿 𝘄𝗶𝗹𝗹 𝗰𝗼𝘃𝗲𝗿:
🔹Complete overview of ARDMS and its components.
🔹 SPI explained in the right context.
🔹 Why international certification matters for your career.
🔹Job opportunities abroad based on ARDMS.
🔹 A realistic approach to how to prepare and pass.

Whether you’re just starting or already planning your exam, this session will help you move in the right direction.

📲 Join our WhatsApp Channel for registration, updates, and guidance.

𝗙𝗼𝗹𝗹𝗼𝘄 𝘁𝗵𝗶𝘀 𝗹𝗶𝗻𝗸 𝘁𝗼 𝗷𝗼𝗶𝗻 𝗺𝘆 𝗪𝗵𝗮𝘁𝘀𝗔𝗽𝗽 𝗖𝗵𝗮𝗻𝗻𝗲𝗹:
https://whatsapp.com/channel/0029Vb70GNYCsU9TBhu6GB3t

Whatsapp Group for ARDMS Aspirants only

https://chat.whatsapp.com/HkSSYZUuha22EJbmX3QYaj?mode=gi_t

26/01/2026

Sonography Made Easy Whatsapp

We have made a dedicated Whatsapp Channel for ultrasound professionals! Join us to get guidance and resources for ARDMS certification, access to international webinars, and a collaborative space to share knowledge and experiences. Let's elevate our expertise together!

Follow this link to join my WhatsApp Channel
https://whatsapp.com/channel/0029Vb70GNYCsU9TBhu6GB3t

Group only for ARDMS Aspirants
https://chat.whatsapp.com/HkSSYZUuha22EJbmX3QYaj?mode=gi_t

25/01/2026

𝗨𝗻𝗱𝗲𝗿𝘀𝘁𝗮𝗻𝗱𝗶𝗻𝗴 𝗣𝗹𝗮𝗰𝗲𝗻𝘁𝗮𝗹 𝗚𝗿𝗮𝗱𝗶𝗻𝗴 𝗼𝗻 𝗨𝗹𝘁𝗿𝗮𝘀𝗼𝘂𝗻𝗱

Placental grading isn’t just a descriptive finding, it gives insight into placental maturity and, in some cases, placental function. When interpreted correctly and in the right gestational context, it helps guide clinical decisions. When over-interpreted, it can cause unnecessary concern. The key is knowing what matters and when.

𝗪𝗵𝗮𝘁 𝗜𝘀 𝗣𝗹𝗮𝗰𝗲𝗻𝘁𝗮𝗹 𝗚𝗿𝗮𝗱𝗶𝗻𝗴?
Placental grading is an ultrasound-based system that describes the morphological maturation of the placenta as pregnancy progresses.
It reflects changes in:
🔹Chorionic plate
🔹Placental texture
🔹Calcification patterns

The most widely used system is the Grannum classification, which divides placental appearance into Grade 0 to Grade III.

𝗣𝗹𝗮𝗰𝗲𝗻𝘁𝗮 𝗚𝗿𝗮𝗱𝗲 𝟬
Gestational age: Up to ~18 weeks

Ultrasound appearance:
🔹Smooth, flat chorionic plate
🔹Homogeneous placental texture
🔹No calcifications
🔹Uniform echogenicity

Clinical significance:
Completely normal for early pregnancy. Seeing Grade 0 later than expected is usually not concerning by itself.

𝗣𝗹𝗮𝗰𝗲𝗻𝘁𝗮 𝗚𝗿𝗮𝗱𝗲 𝗜
Gestational age: ~18–29 weeks

Ultrasound appearance:
🔹Subtle undulations of the chorionic plate
🔹Few scattered echogenic foci
🔹Mostly homogeneous texture

Clinical significance:
Represents normal placental development. This is the most commonly seen grade during mid-pregnancy.

𝗣𝗹𝗮𝗰𝗲𝗻𝘁𝗮 𝗚𝗿𝗮𝗱𝗲 𝗜𝗜
Gestational age: ~30–36 weeks

Ultrasound appearance:
🔹Deeper indentations of the chorionic plate (not reaching the basal plate)
🔹Linear echogenic calcifications
🔹Slightly lobulated appearance

Clinical significance:
Normal in late third trimester. If seen earlier than 30 weeks, correlation with fetal growth and Doppler studies is important.

𝗣𝗹𝗮𝗰𝗲𝗻𝘁𝗮 𝗚𝗿𝗮𝗱𝗲 𝗜𝗜𝗜
Gestational age: ≥37 weeks
Ultrasound appearance:
🔹Deep indentations reaching the basal plate
🔹Cotyledon formation
🔹Extensive calcifications
“Swiss cheese” or segmented appearance

𝗡𝗼𝘁𝗲:
This content is for guidance only. Consult your specialist for advice specific to your situation.

For more information and interesting content like my pages and groups.

🔹FaceBook
https://www.facebook.com/profile.php?id=100085357640548

🔹LinkedIn
https://pk.linkedin.com/in/waleed-ahmed678

🔹 LinkedIn Business Page
https://www.linkedin.com/company/sonography-made-easy/

🔹Instagram
https://www.instagram.com/radiology_technologist678?igsh=YzljYTk1ODg3Zg==

🔹Join our Groups

Learn Radiology:
https://www.facebook.com/groups/513688685105878/?ref=share&mibextid=NSMWBT

Global Sonographers Hub:
https://www.facebook.com/groups/751327954581145/?ref=share&mibextid=NSMWBT

24/01/2026

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Liver Cirrhosis (on Ultrasound – USG)

Definition:

Liver cirrhosis is a chronic, irreversible liver disease in which normal liver tissue is replaced by fibrous tissue and regenerative nodules, leading to distorted liver architecture and impaired liver function.

---

USG Signs of Liver Cirrhosis:

1. Coarse echotexture
– Liver parenchyma appears rough and heterogeneous.

2. Nodular liver surface
– Irregular and bumpy outer margin of liver.

3. Blunted liver edge
– Normal sharp edge becomes rounded.

4. Altered liver size
– Early: hepatomegaly (enlarged liver)
– Late: shrunken (small) liver

5. Caudate lobe hypertrophy
– Enlargement of caudate lobe.

6. Portal vein dilatation
– Increased portal vein diameter.

7. Splenomegaly
– Enlarged spleen due to portal hypertension.

8. Ascites
– Free fluid in peritoneal cavity.

9. Collateral vessels (portosystemic shunts)
– Due to portal hypertension.

10. Regenerative nodules
– Small nodular areas within liver.

---

Complications Seen on USG (Indirect):

Portal hypertension

Varices (suggested, not directly seen on USG)

Hypersplenism

Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) – suspicious focal lesions

---

Treatment of Liver Cirrhosis:

1. Treat the cause:

Hepatitis B & C treatment (antivirals)

Stop alcohol completely

Treat fatty liver (weight loss, diet, exercise)

Control autoimmune liver disease

2. Manage complications:

Ascites:
– Salt restriction
– Diuretics (spironolactone, furosemide)
– Paracentesis if severe

Portal hypertension / varices:
– Beta blockers
– Endoscopic band ligation

Encephalopathy:
– Lactulose
– Rifaximin

Infections:
– Antibiotics when needed

3. Supportive care:

High-protein (as advised), balanced diet

Vitamin supplementation

Avoid hepatotoxic drugs

4. Definitive treatment:

Liver transplantation (in end-stage liver disease)

---

Confirmatory & Follow-up Tests:

LFTs (ALT, AST, Bilirubin, Albumin, INR)

Platelet count

FibroScan / Elastography

CT / MRI liver

AFP for HCC screening

23/01/2026

𝗨𝗻𝗱𝗲𝗿𝘀𝘁𝗮𝗻𝗱𝗶𝗻𝗴 𝘁𝗵𝗲 𝗔𝗺𝗻𝗶𝗼𝘁𝗶𝗰 𝗙𝗹𝘂𝗶𝗱

Amniotic fluid isn’t just “water around the baby.” It’s a living indicator of fetal health. When levels are normal, pregnancy usually progresses smoothly. When they’re not, they often point to underlying maternal or fetal issues that need attention.

𝗪𝗵𝗮𝘁 𝗜𝘀 𝗔𝗺𝗻𝗶𝗼𝘁𝗶𝗰 𝗙𝗹𝘂𝗶𝗱?

Amniotic fluid is a clear, slightly yellowish fluid that surrounds the fetus inside the amniotic sac. Its role is essential from early pregnancy until delivery.

Key functions:

🔹Protection: Cushions the fetus from trauma and external pressure
🔹Temperature control: Maintains a stable intrauterine environment
🔹Infection defense: Contains antimicrobial properties
🔹Development: Allows free fetal movement, supporting musculoskeletal and lung development
🔹Cord safety: Prevents umbilical cord compression

𝗛𝗼𝘄 𝗔𝗺𝗻𝗶𝗼𝘁𝗶𝗰 𝗙𝗹𝘂𝗶𝗱 𝗜𝘀 𝗠𝗲𝗮𝘀𝘂𝗿𝗲𝗱 ?

Amniotic fluid volume is assessed by ultrasound, using standardized methods.

1. Amniotic Fluid Index (AFI)

🔹The uterus is divided into four quadrants
🔹The deepest vertical pocket in each quadrant is measured
🔹The four measurements are added together
🔹Reported in centimeters

2. Single Deepest Pocket (SDP)

🔹Measures the largest vertical pocket of fluid.
🔹Must be free of fetal parts and umbilical cord.
🔹Often preferred in multiple pregnancies.

𝗡𝗼𝗿𝗺𝗮𝗹 𝗥𝗮𝗻𝗴𝗲 𝗼𝗳 𝗔𝗺𝗻𝗶𝗼𝘁𝗶𝗰 𝗙𝗹𝘂𝗶𝗱

🔹8–18 considered normal

Subcategories:
🔹Low normal: 8–10 cm
🔹Mid normal: 10–15 cm
🔹High normal: 15–18 cm

𝗔𝗽𝗽𝗿𝗼𝘅𝗶𝗺𝗮𝘁𝗲 𝗔𝗙𝗜 𝗯𝘆 𝗚𝗲𝘀𝘁𝗮𝘁𝗶𝗼𝗻𝗮𝗹 𝗔𝗴𝗲

(Values naturally vary and should always be interpreted clinically)

20 weeks: 8–20 cm
25 weeks: 10–25 cm
30 weeks: 12–30 cm
35 weeks: 14–35 cm
40 weeks: 10–25 cm

AFI typically peaks around 32–34 weeks and gradually declines toward term.

𝗪𝗵𝗲𝗻 𝗔𝗺𝗻𝗶𝗼𝘁𝗶𝗰 𝗙𝗹𝘂𝗶𝗱 𝗜𝘀 𝗹𝗼𝘄 (𝗢𝗹𝗶𝗴𝗼𝗵𝘆𝗱𝗿𝗮𝗺𝗻𝗶𝗼𝘀)

Defined as:
AFI < 5 cm
SDP < 2 cm

Common Causes:
🔹Placental insufficiency
🔹Fetal renal or urinary tract anomalies
🔹Premature rupture of membranes
🔹Post-term pregnancy
🔹Maternal dehydration or hypertension

Risks:
🔹Fetal growth restriction
🔹Umbilical cord compression
🔹Reduced fetal movement
🔹Increased risk of induction or cesarean delivery

𝗪𝗵𝗲𝗻 𝗔𝗺𝗻𝗶𝗼𝘁𝗶𝗰 𝗙𝗹𝘂𝗶𝗱 𝗜𝘀 𝗛𝗶𝗴𝗵 (𝗣𝗼𝗹𝘆𝗵𝘆𝗱𝗿𝗮𝗺𝗻𝗶𝗼𝘀)

Defined as:
AFI > 24 cm
SDP > 8 cm

Common Causes:
🔹Maternal diabetes
🔹Fetal gastrointestinal or neurological anomalies
🔹Multiple gestations
🔹Congenital infections
🔹Idiopathic (no clear cause in many cases)

Risks:
🔹Preterm labor
🔹Placental abruption
🔹Umbilical cord prolapse
🔹Malpresentation

𝗕𝗲𝘀𝘁 𝗣𝗿𝗮𝗰𝘁𝗶𝗰𝗲𝘀 𝗳𝗼𝗿 𝗔𝗰𝗰𝘂𝗿𝗮𝘁𝗲 𝗠𝗲𝗮𝘀𝘂𝗿𝗲𝗺𝗲𝗻𝘁

🔹Stick to one method (AFI or SDP) for follow-up
🔹Ensure measurements are done by a trained sonographer
🔹Avoid including fetal parts or cord in fluid pockets
🔹Always correlate with clinical findings and Doppler studies

22/01/2026

👆Neural Tube Defect (NTD)

A Neural Tube Defect is a congenital (birth) defect that occurs when the neural tube (which later forms the brain and spinal cord) does not close properly during early pregnancy, usually in the 3rd–4th week of gestation.

Common Types:

1. Spina Bifida

Incomplete closure of the spinal cord

May cause paralysis, bladder and bowel problems

2. Anencephaly

Major part of the brain does not develop

Usually fatal

3. Encephalocele

Brain tissue protrudes through an opening in the skull

Causes / Risk Factors:

Folic acid deficiency

Genetic factors

Maternal diabetes

Certain medications (e.g., anti-epileptic drugs)

Obesity

Prevention:

✅ Folic Acid Supplementation

All women planning pregnancy: 400 micrograms daily

High-risk women (on doctor’s advice): 5 mg daily

Diagnosis:

Ultrasound scan

Maternal serum AFP (alpha-fetoprotein) test

22/01/2026

# Landmarks basics helpful for ultrasound 👍

22/01/2026

https://www.linkedin.com/company/sonography-made-easy/

19/01/2026

𝗔𝗽𝗽𝗲𝗻𝗱𝗶𝗰𝗶𝘁𝗶𝘀 𝗢𝗻 𝗨𝗹𝘁𝗿𝗮𝘀𝗼𝘂𝗻𝗱
Appendicitis is the inflammation of the appendix, a small, finger-shaped pouch attached to the large intestine in the lower right abdomen, which is a medical emergency often caused by a blockage leading to infection and swelling, resulting in sudden, severe pain, nausea, and fever, requiring immediate treatment like surgical removal.

𝗕𝗮𝘀𝗶𝗰 𝗦𝗼𝗻𝗼𝗴𝗿𝗮𝗽𝗵𝗶𝗰 𝗙𝗲𝗮𝘁𝘂𝗿𝗲𝘀 𝗼𝗳 𝗔𝗽𝗽𝗲𝗻𝗱𝗶𝗰𝗶𝘁𝗶𝘀:
On ultrasound, an inflamed appendix typically appears as:

🔹Blind-ending tubular structure in the right lower quadrant
🔹Non-compressible on graded compression
🔹Enlarged outer diameter >6–7 mm
🔹Thickened, hypoechoic wall
🔹Loss of normal wall layering in advanced disease.

♦️𝗔𝗰𝘂𝘁𝗲 𝗔𝗽𝗽𝗲𝗻𝗱𝗶𝗰𝗶𝘁𝗶𝘀:
Acute appendicitis on ultrasound typically appears as an enlarged, blind-ending appendix that is non-compressible. The outer diameter is increased, the wall is thickened and hypoechoic, and normal wall layers are usually preserved. On color Doppler, mural vascularity is often increased due to active inflammation. The lumen may contain anechoic or hypoechoic fluid.

♦️𝗚𝗮𝗻𝗴𝗿𝗲𝗻𝗼𝘂𝘀 𝗔𝗽𝗽𝗲𝗻𝗱𝗶𝗰𝗶𝘁𝗶𝘀:
Gangrenous appendicitis represents a more advanced stage of inflammation. The appendix is markedly enlarged, commonly measuring around 10–15 mm in diameter, with pronounced wall thickening. Normal wall stratification is lost, giving the wall a more irregular and heterogeneous appearance. Because of ischemia and necrosis, color Doppler typically shows reduced or absent mural blood flow.

♦️𝗔𝗽𝗽𝗲𝗻𝗱𝗶𝗰𝗶𝘁𝗶𝘀 𝘄𝗶𝘁𝗵 𝗮𝗻 𝗮𝗽𝗽𝗲𝗻𝗱𝗶𝗰𝗼𝗹𝗶𝘁𝗵:
Appendicitis with an appendicolith is characterized by a bright echogenic focus within the appendiceal lumen, producing a clear posterior acoustic shadow. The presence of an appendicolith suggests luminal obstruction and is strongly associated with more severe inflammation and a higher risk of complications such as perforation.

♦️𝗣𝗲𝗿𝗳𝗼𝗿𝗮𝘁𝗲𝗱 𝗔𝗽𝗽𝗲𝗻𝗱𝗶𝗰𝗶𝘁𝗶𝘀:
Perforated appendicitis with abscess formation is identified by focal discontinuity of the appendiceal wall and poor visualization of a normal appendiceal structure. The appendix may appear collapsed or ill-defined. Surrounding findings include peri-appendiceal fluid collections or a well-formed abscess, inflamed echogenic mesenteric fat, and sometimes free fluid, all of which point toward perforation and advanced disease.

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+923068966135

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https://www.linkedin.com/company/sonography-made-easy/, https://www.linkedin.com/company/sonography-made-easy/

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