BDS Past Papers And Videos

28/10/2025

Incisive Nerve

27/10/2025

Oral candidiasis (also called **oral thrush**)
is a **fungal infection** of the mouth caused primarily by *Candida albicans*, though other *Candida* species (e.g., *C. glabrata*, *C. tropicalis*) can also be responsible.

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🦠 Etiology (Causes)

*Normal flora imbalance:
Candida is a normal commensal organism in the mouth; overgrowth occurs when local or systemic defenses are weakened.

Predisposing factors:

Local factors:

* Poor oral hygiene
* Denture use (especially if not cleaned properly)
* Xerostomia (dry mouth)
* Use of topical steroids (e.g., inhalers for asthma)

Systemic factors:

* Diabetes mellitus
* Immunosuppression (e.g., HIV/AIDS, chemotherapy)
* Broad-spectrum antibiotics
* Malnutrition (especially iron, folate, or vitamin B12 deficiency)
* Infancy or old age (weaker immunity)

🧫 Diagnosis

Clinical appearance (often diagnostic)

1. Microscopy: KOH smear shows budding yeast and pseudohyphae.

2. Culture: Sabouraud’s dextrose agar.

Other tests:
Periodic acid–Schiff (PAS) staining, germ tube test for C. albicans

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💊 Treatment

1. Address predisposing factors:

* Improve oral hygiene
* Remove or disinfect dentures overnight
* Rinse mouth after steroid inhaler use
* Control diabetes or immunosuppressive conditions

2. Antifungal therapy:

Topical:

1. Nystatin oral suspension (100,000 U/mL) – rinse and swallow 4×/day
2. Clotrimazole troches (10 mg) – dissolve 5×/day

Systemic (for severe or resistant cases):

1. Fluconazole 100–200 mg daily for 7–14 days
2. Itraconazole or ketoconazole (less preferred due to hepatotoxicity)

Complications

* Persistent infection may indicate underlying immunodeficiency (e.g., HIV)
* Chronic forms can predispose to dysplastic or malignant changes (rare)

29/07/2025

Different Types Of Impactions

29/07/2025

**Odontogenic Tumors Made Simple!**

Odontogenic tumors originate from the tissues involved in tooth formation. Understanding these lesions is essential for accurate diagnosis and effective treatment planning.

Here’s a quick visual breakdown of the most common types:

🔹 **Ameloblastoma** – Noted for its distinctive "honeycomb" or "soap bubble" radiographic patterns.
🔹 **Adenomatoid Odontogenic Tumor (AOT)** – Appears in three forms: follicular, extra-follicular, and peripheral.
🔹 **Calcifying Odontogenic Tumor** – Typically slow-growing with a well-defined appearance.

Perfect for dental students, clinicians, or oral pathology enthusiasts—keep this handy as your go-to reference for smarter clinical decisions! 🦷📘

04/06/2025

The tooth extraction every dentistry student dreams of 😀

27/05/2025

To administer the Gow-Gates Mandibular Block (GGMB), the targeted tissue is first dried using sterile gauze, followed by the application of a topical anaesthetic gel.

Both extra-oral and intraoral landmarks are then carefully identified:

1. **Extra-oral landmarks** include the lower border of the tragus or the intertragic notch and the corner of the mouth.

2. **Intraoral landmarks** involve the mesio-palatal cusp of the maxillary second molar, beneath which the needle tip is initially positioned before being advanced to a point just distal to the molar.

18/05/2025

29/04/2025

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29/04/2025

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29/04/2025

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21/04/2025