02/24/2026
Do you get frustrated when pain is so hard to resolve? There are many areas of your brain involved in the processing of pain, and therefore, in the treatment of pain.
How pain signals travel in the body and brain
When something hurts, pain signals start in your nerves and travel to your spinal cord (or brainstem for the face). From there, the signal gets passed up to different parts of the brain.
Those brain areas:
Help you feel the pain
Attach emotion to it (like fear or distress)
Influence your thoughts about it
Affect motivation, stress response, and even reward systems
In other words, pain isn’t just a simple signal — it travels through a network of brain regions that shape how intense it feels and how upsetting it is. This is where psychology can come into play, by helping to change those signals.
Image from :
Sci Transl Med. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2021 Dec 16.ublished in final edited form as: Sci Transl Med. 2021 Nov 10;13(619):eabj7360. doi: 10.1126/scitranslmed.abj7360
Fig. 3. Pain emotional and cognitive networks and treatments that can ameliorate chronic pain affect.
(A) Primary afferent neurons synapse onto second-order neurons in the spinal dorsal horn (DH) or the trigeminal nucleus caudalis (SpVC). These neurons, in turn, project to the lateral parabrachial nucleus (lPB) and the periaqueductal gray (PAG), which then connect with the anterior cingulate, insular, and prefrontal cortices, medial thalamus, amygdala, nucleus accumbens, and hypothalamus to generate and modulate pain experience. Note, mixed arrows indicate glutamatergic and GABAergic pathways. (B) Prevalent treatments for pain commonly use opioid receptor signaling to induce a prominent action on pain affect circuits. Investigative treatments include motor cortex stimulation (MC stim), dlPFC stimulation (dlPFC stim), neurofeedback, and cognitive behavior therapy (CBT) that act on frontal cortex circuits to modulate pain. In severe cases of intractable pain, cingulotomy reduces chronic pain. Frontal cortex modulation is hypothesized to relieve pain through descending pain control in the PAG, but notable connections to the medial and intralaminar thalamus (MT) and to the parabrachial nucleus could also play a role. ACC, anterior cingulate cortex; BLA, basolateral amygdala; CeA, central amygdala; IC, insular cortex; mPFC, medial prefrontal cortex; NAc, nucleus accumbens; Orb, orbitofrontal cortex; RVM, rostromedial ventral medulla; VTA, ventral tegmental area.
https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC8675872/figure/F3/