03/11/2022
The community needs assessment is a critical piece in the program planning process.
Community needs assessments involve asking many questions, talking to a variety of stakeholders, and using multiple methods to gain understanding of your community before deciding how to move forward. The work of collecting data, opinions, and environmental characteristics helps to ensure that the program is matched to the needs of the audience and their environment.
Social and cultural conditions. The social and cultural fabric in communities can influence food norms, health beliefs, and values for food and nutrition. All of these factors impact food choices and, thus, nutrition status. Social factors include social norms and attitudes, safety of neighborhoods, social support and interactions, exposure to mass media, socioeconomic conditions, quality of education, and so on.
By culture, we mean the integrated pattern of human knowledge, beliefs, and behaviors that are learned and transmitted to succeeding generations. Many of our food habits, attitudes, and practices arise from the traditions, customs, belief systems, technologies, values, and norms of the culture in which we live.
For instance, in an assessment of the nutrition status of students with bulimia, certain background conditions—such as advertising, society’s emphasis on leanness, and cultural expectations about weight and body size—are likely to influence the students’ food patterns and body image. Furthermore, children who grow up seeing their peers choosing packaged snacks rather than fresh, whole foods learn to define a “snack” by what they see around them in society.
Teens may feel pressured to choose fast-food items after school when spending time with peers who prefer these foods. A decision to breastfeed may be influenced by important people in a mother’s social circle. In sum, we often feel compelled to follow the norms and expectations we see around us. Social and cultural norms can create expectations that drive behavior. This background information should be evaluated as part of the assessment
In collecting community environment data, you get a good understanding of social and cultural factors in your community. Now you can focus on your specific target population and learn the social and cultural norms around what your population eats at home, on the go, and in social settings. Religion may affect food practices for some people as well. Endeavor to understand the desirable and customary food choices for members of your target population.
To create a program that is relevant to your population, it is critical to understand their priorities and motivation.