Doctors pages

09/02/2026

Scientists are curing cancers this week like a divine spark igniting inside the lab.

Here’s the list:

1. Russian cancer vaccine (Enteromix)
Claimed as ready for use, with high/100% success in trials, mRNA-based, and potentially free.

2. Vietnamese medical team curing blood cancer/leukemia
Stem cells or treatment completely treating blood cancers.

3. Spanish (CNIO/Mariano Barbacid) triple-drug therapy for pancreatic cancer
Complete tumor elimination in mice, no resistance, permanent regression.

4. Korean scientists reversing colon cancer
Major reversal or breakthrough claimed for colon/colore**al cancer.

5. Chinese breakthrough reversing colore**al and lung metastases
Progress or reversal in metastatic colore**al and lung cancers.

6. Mexican breakthrough for HPV-related cancers
Treatment/reversal for cervical and other HPV-linked cancers.

7. Fenbendazole (antiparasitic) achieving remission in stage IV cancers
Complete remissions in advanced melanoma, breast, prostate (case reports/anecdotes).

8. Immunotherapy/monoclonal antibodies (e.g., dostarlimab-style complete responses)
Tumors vanishing in patients (specific subtypes like re**al cancer).

30/01/2026

A Spanish scientist have cured pancreatic cancer in mice. The most deadly cancer out there.

People ignoring it and making fun of his birth defect.

A cure in animal models is a huge step closer to a possible cancer treatment in humans.

Thank you, Dr. Mariano Barbacid!

12/08/2025

This photo changed the world.
In 1987, Dr. Zbigniew Religa had just completed a 23-hour heart transplant surgery. His patient lay stable in the background - alive - while the doctor sat beside him, exhausted but watchful, surrounded by the aftermath of the procedure.
The photo became iconic. (Top photo)
30 years later, that patient was still alive - and Dr. Religa had passed away. (Bottom photo)
This is more than a picture. It's a reminder of what it means to dedicate your life to others.

Here is the Al-animated version of the photo

22/07/2025

Meanings of color-coded strips on medicine packaging.

- *Red Line*: Indicates prescription-only drugs (Schedule H/H1), which require a doctor's prescription and may include antibiotics, steroids, and psychiatric medications. Misuse can lead to resistance or severe side effects.
- *Green Line*: Denotes over-the-counter (OTC) medicines that do not require a prescription and are generally safe for minor issues like fever, cold, or acidity. These are common in everyday households.
- *Blue Line*: Signifies Schedule G drugs that should be taken under medical supervision, often including hormonal or long-term therapy drugs. Labels may carry a "Caution" warning, indicating potential dangers if taken without medical supervision.
- *Black Box Warning*: Highlights high-risk drugs (FDA) that indicate serious or life-threatening risks, requiring careful monitoring. These are commonly used in cancer therapies and antidepressants.

Understanding these color codes empowers patients and healthcare professionals to make informed decisions about medication use.
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04/07/2025

Here’s a comprehensive overview of diuretics, their types, examples, mechanisms, indications, and key side effects:

💧 What Are Diuretics?

Diuretics are medications that increase urine output by acting on the kidneys, helping the body eliminate excess sodium and water. They're used in hypertension, heart failure, edema, and certain kidney diseases.

🔹 Types of Diuretics

1. Loop Diuretics

Examples: Furosemide, Bumetanide, Torsemide

Site of Action: Loop of Henle (thick ascending limb)

Mechanism: Inhibit Na⁺/K⁺/2Cl⁻ co-transporter

Uses:

Acute pulmonary edema

Congestive heart failure (CHF)

Severe hypertension

Side Effects:

Hypokalemia

Dehydration

Ototoxicity

Hypocalcemia

2. Thiazide Diuretics

Examples: Hydrochlorothiazide, Chlorthalidone, Indapamide

Site of Action: Distal convoluted tubule

Mechanism: Inhibit Na⁺/Cl⁻ symporter

Uses:

Hypertension (1st-line)

Mild CHF

Nephrogenic diabetes insipidus

Prevention of calcium kidney stones

Side Effects:

Hypokalemia

Hyperglycemia

Hyperuricemia (gout)

Hyperlipidemia

Hypercalcemia

3. Potassium-Sparing Diuretics

Examples:

Aldosterone antagonists: Spironolactone, Eplerenone

ENaC blockers: Amiloride, Triamterene

Site of Action: Collecting ducts

Mechanism: Inhibit sodium reabsorption while retaining potassium

Uses:

CHF

Cirrhosis-related ascites

Primary hyperaldosteronism (Conn’s)

Combined with other diuretics to prevent hypokalemia

Side Effects:

Hyperkalemia

Spironolactone → gynecomastia, menstrual irregularities

4. Carbonic Anhydrase Inhibitors

Example: Acetazolamide

Site of Action: Proximal tubule

Mechanism: Inhibits carbonic anhydrase → ↓ HCO₃⁻ reabsorption

Uses:

Glaucoma

Altitude sickness

Metabolic alkalosis

Pseudotumor cerebri

Side Effects:

Metabolic acidosis

Hypokalemia

Renal stones

5. Osmotic Diuretics

Example: Mannitol

Site of Action: Proximal tubule & loop of Henle

Mechanism: Increases osmotic pressure in filtrate → inhibits water reabsorption

Uses:

Cerebral edema

Raised intracranial or intraocular pressure

Acute renal failure (early phase)

Side Effects:

Fluid overload in heart failure

Electrolyte imbalance

📌 Summary Table

Type Main Drug(s) Key Use Risk

Loop Furosemide CHF, edema, HTN Hypokalemia, ototoxicity
Thiazide HCTZ, Chlorthalidone HTN, nephrolithiasis ↑Glucose, ↑Ca²⁺, ↓K⁺
K⁺-sparing Spironolactone CHF, hyperaldosteronism Hyperkalemia
Carbonic Anhydrase Acetazolamide Glaucoma, altitude sickness Acidosis, ↓K⁺
Osmotic Mannitol Cerebral edema Fluid overload

04/07/2025

1. Thrombosis

Definition: Formation of a blood clot (thrombus) inside a blood vessel.

Effect: Obstructs blood flow.

Causes: Injury to vessel wall, stasis, hypercoagulability (Virchow’s triad).

Example: Deep vein thrombosis (DVT).

2. Embolism

Definition: A traveling clot or material (embolus) that lodges in a distant vessel.

Types: Thromboembolism (most common), fat embolism, air embolism.

Effect: Sudden blockage of blood flow.

Example: Pulmonary embolism (PE).

3. Spasm

Definition: Sudden, temporary constriction of a blood vessel.

Effect: Reduces blood supply (ischemia).

Example: Coronary artery spasm → angina.

4. Atheroma

Definition: A fatty plaque within the inner layer of an artery.

Effect: Narrows lumen, reduces elasticity.

Leads to: Atherosclerosis, risk of clot formation.

5. Compression

Definition: External pressure on a blood vessel, reducing or blocking flow.

Causes: Tumors, tight casts, hematomas, or anatomical abnormalities.

Effect: Ischemia or venous congestion.

6. Vasculitis

Definition: Inflammation of blood vessel walls.

Effect: Vessel wall damage, narrowing, rupture, or blockage.

Causes: Autoimmune diseases, infections.

Examples: Giant cell arteritis, Kawasaki disease.

7. Steal Phenomenon

Definition: Blood is “stolen” from one vascular territory to supply another, usually due to abnormal connections or vasodilation.

Effect: Ischemia in the under-perfused area.

Example: Subclavian steal syndrome.

8. Hyperviscosity

Definition: Thickened blood, leading to sluggish flow.

Causes: High red cell count (polycythemia), multiple myeloma (high proteins).

Effect: Risk of thrombosis, poor tissue perfusion

11/02/2025

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09/02/2025

Did you know the difference?

08/02/2025

08/02/2025

Mounting and removing the blade of scalpel.

07/02/2025

Lists of Drug of Choice!

06/02/2025

Types of shock.