10/12/2025
Bilateral pneumonia is a bacterial, viral, or (more rarely) fungal infection that affects both lungs, involving the alveoli, which fill with fluid or pus and make breathing difficult. Although serious, it can be effectively treated with early diagnosis and proper therapy. Monitoring symptoms and seeking prompt medical care are essential.
With insights from pulmonologist Dr. Anna Angela Rachele Beretta, the condition and its risks are explained.
Types:
• Bacterial: e.g., Streptococcus pneumoniae, Staphylococcus aureus
• Viral: influenza viruses, SARS-CoV-2
• Fungal: rare, mainly in immunocompromised individuals
Early Symptoms, often like flu or bronchitis are:
• High fever (>38°C), chills, sweating
• Dry → productive cough (yellow-green sputum)
• Chest pain, dyspnea, fatigue
• Loss of appetite; possible nausea or confusion (especially elderly)
Dyspnea often signals more severe, widespread involvement.
Bilateral pneumonia is more aggressive, involving both lungs and raising the risk of:
• Hypoxemia
• Respiratory failure
• Hospitalization
Unilateral cases are typically managed with antibiotics and home rest if caught early.
More severe due to weaker immunity. Higher risk of respiratory failure, sepsis, and organ failure. Symptoms may include low or absent fever, confusion, apathy, appetite loss, and worsening chronic diseases (e.g., COPD, heart failure).
Causes include bacteria (pneumococcus, mycoplasma, legionella) and viruses (e.g., COVID-19).
Risk factors: advanced age, chronic diseases, previous respiratory issues, recent hospitalization, immune compromise, smoking, alcoholism.
Diagnosi requires a pulmonary exam and evaluation of oxygen saturation.
Key tests:
• Chest X-ray and CT scan
• Laboratory tests to identify the infectious agent
• Sputum exam or blood culture
In severe cases: additional tests to assess organ involvement and blood gas analysis.
Depending on cause:
• Antibiotics for bacterial infections
• Antivirals or supportive therapy for viral forms.
May require hospitalization for severe symptoms or at-risk patients.
Other treatments: oxygen therapy, rest, hydration.
Therapy lasts 7–21 days, depending on response.
Home-treated cases need repeat medical evaluations and blood/radiology tests.
Hospitalized patients require daily monitoring.
Most acute forms resolve in a few weeks if no complications occur.
Possible Complications
• Acute respiratory failure
• Sepsis
• Lung abscess
• Pleural effusion
• Permanent lung damage
Prognosis depends on age, speed of diagnosis, infectious agent, and comorbidities. Young, healthy individuals usually recover completely; elderly or frail patients may take longer.
Seek medical evaluation for:
• Persistent fever not improving with medication
• Shortness of breath
• Chest pain
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