11/02/2026
Range of motion (ROM) is
the full, measurable movement distance and direction of a joint
, crucial for assessing physical function, flexibility, and joint health. It is measured in degrees of flexion, extension, abduction, adduction, and rotation. Key areas include the shoulder, elbow, hip, knee, and ankle.
Key Aspects of Range of Motion:
Active ROM (AROM): Movement performed independently by the individual's muscles.
Passive ROM (PROM): Movement achieved through an external force or assistance.
Purpose: Essential for maintaining joint health, preventing contractures, and ensuring functional, daily movements without pain.
Common Joint Range of Motion (Normal Values):
Shoulder: High mobility, capable of flexion, extension, abduction, adduction, and rotation (e.g., reaching overhead).
Elbow: Primarily flexion/extension (roughly 0-145 degrees).
Wrist: Flexion, extension, and radial/ulnar deviation.
Hip: High-stability, high-range ball-and-socket joint, capable of flexion, extension, and rotation.
Knee: Primarily flexion/extension (around 135 degrees of bending).
Ankle: Dorsiflexion, plantarflexion, inversion, and eversion.
Factors Affecting ROM:
Age/Gender: Flexibility typically decreases with age.
Injury/Disease: Arthritis, tendonitis, or trauma can significantly limit movement.
Lifestyle: Inactivity leads to stiff muscles and joints.
Improving Range of Motion:
Stretching: Gentle, consistent stretching exercises.
Physical Therapy: Specialized exercises to increase joint mobility.
Mobility Training: Dynamic movements to improve joint range.
Normal values for joint movement are typically assessed by professionals (e.g., physiotherapists) to identify restriction
