07/11/2025
This is such a great explanation of how alcohol is metabolized in the body.
Alcohol metabolism and why a few drinks linger longer than you think...
Your body processes >90% of ethanol in the liver, but the path creates toxic byproducts and drains key cofactors.
1๏ธโฃ Step 1: Ethanol โ Acetaldehyde
Alcohol dehydrogenase (ADH) converts ethanol to acetaldehyde, a far more toxic molecule.
๐ก Example: Acetaldehyde is 10โ30x more toxic than ethanol and drives hangovers.
2๏ธโฃ Step 2: Acetaldehyde โ Acetate
Aldehyde dehydrogenase (ALDH2) detoxifies acetaldehyde to acetate. Genetic variants slow this step, causing the flush response.
๐ก Example: ~30โ50% of East Asians have ALDH2 deficiency, leading to red flushing and higher cancer risk.
3๏ธโฃ Step 3: Acetate โ Acetyl-CoA
Acetate is converted into Acetyl-CoA for energy, but excess NADH shifts it into fat storage.
๐ก Example: Chronic drinking promotes fatty liver because metabolism favors lipogenesis.
4๏ธโฃ Cofactors Required
Both ADH and ALDH consume NADโบ, creating a redox imbalance. Zinc is essential for ADH function, and glutathione helps mop up aldehyde damage.
๐ก Example: Heavy drinking depletes NADโบ and glutathione, impairing energy metabolism and antioxidant defense.
5๏ธโฃ Systemic Effects
Excess NADH raises lactic acid, blocks fat burning, and impairs gluconeogenesis. Acetaldehyde damages DNA and mitochondria.
๐ก Example: This is why alcohol can cause both hypoglycemia and rapid fat gain.
6๏ธโฃ What Can Help?
No hack accelerates clearance beyond ~1 drink/hour, but cofactors can reduce collateral damage:
Taurine supports acetaldehyde detox and membrane stability.
NAC restores glutathione.
B1, B3, B6 support alcohol dehydrogenase activity.
๐ก Example: NAC + taurine supplementation has been shown to blunt acetaldehyde toxicity in experimental studies.
7๏ธโฃ The Takeaway
Alcohol metabolism is an NADโบ-draining, oxidative stress-driven process. You canโt outrun liver capacity, but you can support cofactors that protect cells.
๐ก Example: Think of alcohol clearance like a one-lane road. You canโt make it faster, but you can repair the guardrails.
Your liver clears alcohol on its own schedule. Zinc, taurine, glutathione, and B-vitamins help reduce the metabolic fallout, but nothing cancels the 1-drink-per-hour rule.