03/12/2025
A study by Walsh et al. (2025), published in Physiological Reports, suggests that breath holding during sprints increases cardiac demand, overriding the dive response, whilst muscle oxygenation and lactate remain unchanged with free breathing.
Post-exercise HR was lower, and BP was elevated during the breath-hold trial, indicating delayed parasympathetic rebound.
Denaturation rates were similar across muscles. However, anticipation of exercise causes significantly elevated ventilation and CO2 production before breath holding, suggesting psychological factors are in play.
Practical takeaways.
- swimmers can use short-duration breath holds to reduce drag, but avoid them in prolonged or low intensity sessions
- Active recovery, such as light exercise, should be performed following apnea events to help stabilise the heart and blood pressure.
- build progression into breath-hold length to avoid anticipation
- In multi-bout sessions (e.g., swim sets), alternate breath-hold and free-breathing reps to mitigate residuals; for competition, simulate race-specific holds (e.g., 50 m freestyle) in dry-land ergometry to build confidence without aquatic risks.