12/05/2025
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The Dark-eyed Junco is a small, round-bodied sparrow often called the “snowbird” because it appears in many parts of the United States right as winter sets in. Its scientific name is Junco hyemalis—“hyemalis” literally means “of the winter,” which fits its habit of showing up at feeders when many other birds have migrated south. They’re about 5–6 inches long, with a neat, tidy look: smooth plumage, a pale pink bill, and a distinctive flick of white outer tail feathers that flashes when they fly away.
One fun thing about juncos is how variable they look across North America. What many people think of as the Dark-eyed Junco—the slate-gray bird with a clean white belly—is just one form. There are several regional “types,” including Oregon, Pink-sided, Gray-headed, and White-winged. Some have warm brown backs, some have rich reddish flanks, and others show subtle wing bars. For a long time, several of these were treated as separate species, but they’re now grouped under the single Dark-eyed Junco umbrella.
In terms of behavior, juncos are classic ground-feeders. You’ll often see them hopping around beneath feeders, kicking leaf litter backward with both feet to uncover seeds, almost like tiny feathered deer pawing at the forest floor. They favor small seeds (especially from grasses and weeds), but in the breeding season they also feed insects to their nestlings for extra protein. Their soft “chip” calls and simple trilling songs are easy to overlook, but if you listen carefully in winter flocks, you’ll hear a constant, gentle background chatter.
They breed mostly in coniferous or mixed forests, often in cooler, northern, or higher-elevation habitats. Nests are usually placed low to the ground, tucked into banks, roots, or dense vegetation, and are surprisingly well camouflaged. In winter, many juncos move into more open areas, including suburbs and city parks, forming loose flocks that can mix with sparrows and other small songbirds. Some individuals show remarkable winter site fidelity—returning to the same backyard or feeder year after year.
Ecologically, Dark-eyed Juncos help control insect populations and disperse seeds, and they’ve also become important “model birds” for scientists. Researchers have studied them to understand how migration evolves, how hormones change with the seasons, and how quickly physical traits can shift in response to new environments—there’s even a well-known population in San Diego that’s changed in plumage and behavior in just a few decades. So that little “snowbird” scratching under your feeder is not only a sign that winter has arrived, but also a key player in both forest ecosystems and modern bird research.