Evergreen CIG

17/02/2026

How Our Transportation System Is Bleeding the Agri-Food Sector in Cameroon
Let’s be honest.

In Cameroon, agricultural transportation is largely informal. Produce moves from farm to market in open trucks, overloaded pickups, or on top of buses. No cold chain. No grading. No traceability. No scheduling system.
We celebrate that food “reaches the market.”
But we ignore what it costs us.

The Reality on the Ground
• Tomatoes leave Santa or Bafut fresh — arrive in Douala half-spoiled.
• Fish transported without temperature control loses quality within hours.
• Vegetables bruise due to poor packaging and rough roads.
• Drivers operate without structured contracts or logistics planning.
The Result
• 30–40% post-harvest losses in some value chains.
• Reduced farmer income.
• Higher consumer prices.
• Food safety risks.
• No competitiveness for export markets.

Transportation is not just movement.
It is part of the value chain.
Right now, our transport system is destroying value instead of preserving it.

What a Proper Agricultural Transport
Sub-Sector Should Look Like

• Cold chain logistics for perishables (vegetables, fruits, fish, meat, dairy).
• Structured aggregation centers with sorting and pre-cooling facilities.
• Standard packaging systems (crates instead of sacks).
• Digital logistics coordination and route planning.
• Professional licensing and training for transporters.
• Insurance and clear contractual responsibility.

Transportation should protect value, not erode it.
What Needs to Be Done in Cameroon
• Government incentives for refrigerated trucks and agri-logistics.
• Subsidized credit for structured transport companies.
• Rural road improvement and cold storage infrastructure.
• Youth integration into agri-logistics enterprises.
• Enforcement of food safety and transport standards.

We talk about food security.
We talk about reducing imports.
We talk about youth employment.
But without fixing transportation, we are leaking value at every stage.
Agriculture does not end at harvest.
It ends at the consumer, safely, efficiently, and profitably.
If we want a serious agri-food economy in Cameroon, we must professionalize agricultural transportation.

16/02/2026

How the Informal Sector Is Killing Our Agri-Food System and Young Talents

In many African countries, agriculture is described as the backbone of the economy. Yet the backbone is weak, disorganized, and quietly collapsing under a paradox: we produce food, but we are not building a system.
And in that gap, young trained agricultural professionals are suffocating.
This is not a crisis of soil fertility or rainfall. It is a crisis of structure. A crisis of informality.

What Do We Really Mean by the Informal Sector?

In economic terms, the informal sector consists of activities that are:
-Not formally registered
-Not regulated or taxed in a structured way
-Not governed by professional standards
-Not backed by enforceable contracts
Outside social protection and institutional oversight
In agriculture, this means:
-Farmers operating without registration or traceability
-Middlemen setting prices arbitrarily
-Input dealers selling uncertified seeds and pesticides
-Processors working without hygiene standards
Transporters operating outside cold chain systems
-No quality grading, no standard packaging, no certification
It is not simply about small-scale farming. Small-scale can be efficient and professional. Informal means unstructured, unregulated, and unaccountable.
And when an entire agri-food chain is informal, it creates systemic inefficiency.

The Hidden Cost: Inefficiency Disguised as Heroism

In many villages, a farmer who produces “a lot” is celebrated as a champion.
But let’s examine the numbers.
-Yield per hectare is often 30–60% below potential.
-Post-harvest losses can reach 40%.
-There is minimal value addition.
-No standardization for export.
-No traceability for food safety.
Yet the farmer who survives despite this inefficiency is praised as resilient.
Resilience is admirable. But resilience without productivity improvement traps us in survival mode.
The informal sector rewards survival, not optimization.
Meanwhile, Young Agricultural Graduates Are Locked Out
Every year, universities graduate students in:
-Agricultural Engineering
-Agronomy
-Environmental Management
-Food Technology
-Animal Production
-Agricultural Economics
These young professionals are trained in:
-Soil analysis
-Integrated pest management
-Irrigation design
-Mechanization
-Post-harvest technology
-Value chain development
GIS and digital agriculture
But when they return home, they encounter a wall.
The sector they studied to improve does not structurally exist.

Instead, they face:
-Farmers who distrust formal methods
-Input markets controlled by informal traders
-No financing mechanisms for structured projects
-No extension system that absorbs trained professionals
-No formal aggregation systems
-So the graduate becomes unemployed.
Or worse, underemployed.
Or abandons agriculture entirely.
This is how the informal system kills young talent.
Not loudly. But gradually.
The Distortion of Merit
In a formalized sector, competence is rewarded.
In an informal sector, access and familiarity dominate.
Untrained actors who have “managed to survive” for years are perceived as experts. But their knowledge is often:
-Experience-based but not scalable
-Localized but not optimized
-Functional but inefficient
There is nothing wrong with experiential knowledge. The problem is when it becomes the ceiling instead of the foundation.
Without integration of science, technology, and structured markets, productivity stagnates.
Young professionals are not rejected because they lack knowledge.
They are rejected because the system does not demand structured knowledge.

The Institutions We Need for Breakthrough

Breaking the cycle requires coordinated actors.
-Universities
Align curriculum with real value chain needs

-Professional Bodies
Agricultural engineers, agronomists, and food technologists should have licensing and accreditation systems.

-Cooperatives Reimagined
Not political cooperatives.
Digital traceability

We need structured agribusiness firms, not just individual traders.
-Formal processors, structured exporters, -mechanization service providers.
-Digital Platforms
-Traceability systems
-E-market platforms
-Data-driven production planning
Digitization formalizes transactions.

The young agricultural graduate is not the problem.
The absence of a structured system that demands their competence is the problem.
If we want food security, youth employment, and economic growth, we must formalize the agri-food system.
Because a nation that refuses to structure its agriculture is not protecting tradition.
It is postponing transformation.
And in the process, it is wasting its most valuable resource:
Its trained young minds.

11/02/2026

opportunity for youths under 35. Grab your space.

11/02/2026

Happy youth day cameroon youths

09/02/2026

Agriculture Green House Gas metigation and control measures

Below are practical mitigation measures, aligned one-to-one with each major agricultural emission pathway, with a brief description of how each is applied on the farm.

1. Enteric fermentation (livestock methane)
Mitigation measures
Improved feed quality
Use better pasture, legumes, crop residues treated with urea or molasses to improve digestibility and reduce methane per kg of meat or milk.
Feed additives
Add oils, tannin-rich forages, or approved methane inhibitors to rations to suppress methane-producing microbes.
Better herd management
Reduce unproductive animals, shorten fattening periods, and improve genetics so animals produce more with fewer emissions.

2. Manure management
*Mitigation measures
-Composting instead of anaerobic storage
Aerate manure heaps to reduce methane formation.
-Biogas digesters
Collect methane from manure and use it for cooking or electricity instead of letting it escape.
-Proper timing of manure application
Apply manure when crops can absorb nutrients to reduce nitrous oxide losses.

3. Nitrogen fertilizer use (N₂O emissions)
*Mitigation measures
-Right rate, right time, right place (4R principle)
Apply only the amount needed, when crops are actively growing, and close to roots.
-Split fertilizer application
Apply nitrogen in small doses rather than one heavy application.
-Use of organic amendments and biofertilizers
Compost, manure, and legumes reduce dependence on synthetic nitrogen.

4. Flooded rice cultivation
*Mitigation measures
-Alternate wetting and drying (AWD)
Periodically drain rice fields instead of continuous flooding to suppress methane formation.
-Use of improved rice varieties
Varieties that mature faster or tolerate non-flooded conditions reduce emissions.
-Straw management
Remove or compost rice straw instead of incorporating it into flooded soils.

5. Deforestation and land use change
*Mitigation measures
-Agroforestry systems
Integrate trees with crops or livestock to store carbon while maintaining production.
-Intensification on existing farmland
Increase yield per hectare to avoid expanding into forests.
-Reforestation and farm woodlots
Plant trees on degraded or unused land.

6. Burning of crop residues
*Mitigation measures
-Mulching and residue incorporation
Leave residues on the field to protect soil and add organic matter.
-Composting residues
Convert crop waste into organic fertilizer.
Use as livestock feed or bedding
Especially for cereals and legumes.

7. Farm machinery and energy use
*Mitigation measures
-Energy-efficient machinery
Use properly sized and well-maintained equipment to reduce fuel use.
-Renewable energy sources
Solar-powered irrigation pumps and dryers.
-Reduced field operations
Combine operations (e.g., minimum tillage) to cut fuel consumption.
8. Soil disturbance and tillage
*Mitigation measures
-Conservation agriculture
Reduce ploughing, maintain soil cover, and rotate crops.
-Cover crops
Plant legumes or grasses during off-season to protect soil and store carbon.
Permanent planting beds
Avoid repeated soil disturbance.

9. Emissions from agrochemical production and transport
*Mitigation measures
-Local input production
Promote local composting and bio-inputs.
Efficient input use
-Reduce unnecessary pesticide and fertilizer applications.
-Integrated pest and nutrient management
Combine biological, cultural, and chemical methods.

Bottom line (very practical)
-Mitigation in agriculture does not mean stopping production. It means:
-Producing more per unit of land, animal, or input
-Avoiding waste of nutrients, energy, and biomass
Turning farms into carbon-efficient systems

09/02/2026

Rooted in Cameroon. Working with farmers. Designing a sustainable tomorrow.

Engineer by training. Educator by calling. Agriculture for impact, not just production.

09/02/2026

Agriculture Green House Gas contribution

Agriculture contributes to greenhouse gas emissions in very concrete, measurable ways. Below are the main pathways, explained practically, not theoretically.

1. Livestock digestion (enteric fermentation)
What happens in practice Ruminants like cattle, sheep, and goats digest grass in the rumen. During this process, microbes produce methane, which the animal releases mainly through belching.
Why it matters Methane is a very powerful greenhouse gas. Even a small herd emits a large climate footprint.
Typical examples
Beef and dairy cattle
Extensive grazing systems with low-quality feed increase emissions per animal

2. Manure handling and storage
What happens in practice Animal waste is stored in pits, lagoons, or heaps. When manure decomposes without oxygen, it releases methane. When it breaks down with oxygen, it emits nitrous oxide.
Typical examples
Pig and poultry farms with poor waste management
Liquid manure systems (slurry pits)

3. Use of nitrogen fertilizers
What happens in practice Farmers apply urea, NPK, or ammonium-based fertilizers to crops. Soil microbes convert part of the nitrogen through nitrification and denitrification, releasing nitrous oxide.
Why it matters Nitrous oxide is extremely potent and long-lived in the atmosphere.
Typical examples
Over-fertilization of maize, rice, vegetables
Poor timing of fertilizer application (before heavy rains)

4. Rice cultivation under flooded conditions
What happens in practice Paddy rice fields stay flooded for long periods. The lack of oxygen favors methane-producing bacteria in the soil.
Typical examples
Lowland rice schemes
Continuous flooding instead of alternate wetting and drying

5. Land use change and deforestation
What happens in practice Forests and grasslands are cleared for farms or grazing. Carbon stored in trees and soils is released as CO₂ through burning and decomposition.
Typical examples
Slash-and-burn farming
Expansion of cocoa, oil palm, or food crop farms into forests

6. Burning of crop residues
What happens in practice After harvest, farmers burn stalks and straw to clear fields quickly. This releases CO₂, methane, and nitrous oxide directly into the air.
Typical examples
Burning of rice straw
Burning maize and sorghum stalks

7. Farm machinery and energy use
What happens in practice Tractors, irrigation pumps, harvesters, and generators run on diesel or petrol, emitting carbon dioxide.
Typical examples
Mechanized land preparation
Diesel-powered irrigation in dry seasons

8. Soil disturbance and tillage
What happens in practice Frequent ploughing exposes soil organic matter to oxygen, accelerating its breakdown and releasing CO₂.
Typical examples
Deep and repeated tillage
Bare soils left without cover crops

9. Agrochemical production and transport (indirect but real)
What happens in practice Fertilizers and pesticides require large amounts of energy to manufacture and transport, mostly from fossil fuels.

Typical examples
Imported fertilizers
Long-distance transport of inputs to rural areas
Key takeaway (very practical)
Agriculture emits mainly through:
Methane from animals and rice
Nitrous oxide from fertilizers and manure
Carbon dioxide from land clearing, fuel use, and soil disturbance
These are not abstract processes. They are everyday farming practices, and small changes in how farms are managed can significantly reduce emissions.

02/02/2026

AGRO INFO – INTERNATIONAL WETLANDS DAY

Good day and welcome to today’s Agro Info.
Today, February 2nd, the world observes International Wetlands Day, a day set aside to raise awareness on the importance of wetlands and the urgent need to protect them. This year’s message is simple but powerful: wetlands are not wastelands. They are life-support systems, and for agriculture, they are part of our future.

So, what exactly are wetlands?

Wetlands are areas where water is present permanently or seasonally. They include swamps, marshes, floodplains, riverbanks, mangroves, peatlands, and low-lying valleys. In Cameroon, many of the areas we casually call “bas-fonds”, “marshy lands”, or “valleys”, "Lamba" are wetlands.
For a long time, wetlands were seen as useless lands, breeding grounds for mosquitoes, or places to be drained for farming and construction. Today, science and experience tell us the opposite.

Wetlands are among the most productive ecosystems on earth, and agriculture depends on them more than we often realize.
First, wetlands regulate water, which is the backbone of agriculture.

Wetlands act like natural sponges. During heavy rains, they absorb excess water and reduce flooding on farmlands downstream. During dry periods, they slowly release stored water, maintaining soil moisture and feeding rivers and streams.

For farmers, this means more stable water availability, reduced crop losses from floods, and better resilience during dry seasons. In a time of climate change, when rainfall patterns are becoming unpredictable, wetlands help buffer agriculture against extreme weather.

Second, wetlands improve soil fertility.
Wetland soils are often rich in organic matter. They trap sediments and nutrients carried by water from upland areas. This natural process replenishes soil nutrients without artificial fertilizers.

That is why wetlands are traditionally used for crops like rice, vegetables, sugarcane, and dry-season gardening. When managed properly, these areas can support high yields with lower input costs, benefiting smallholder farmers.
Third, wetlands support biodiversity that agriculture relies on.

Wetlands are habitats for fish, frogs, birds, insects, and microorganisms. Many of these organisms play direct or indirect roles in agriculture.

Pollinators depend on wetland vegetation. Natural predators from wetlands help control crop pests. Microorganisms improve nutrient cycling and soil health.

Destroying wetlands often leads to increased pest outbreaks, reduced pollination, and higher dependence on chemical pesticides. Protecting wetlands therefore supports more sustainable and ecological farming systems.

Fourth, wetlands support livestock and fisheries, which are key agricultural sub-sectors.
In many rural communities, wetlands provide pasture during the dry season when upland grasses dry up. They also serve as watering points for animals.

Wetlands are also nurseries for fish and other aquatic organisms. Inland fisheries and fish farming depend on healthy wetland ecosystems. Degraded wetlands mean reduced fish stocks, loss of protein sources, and reduced income for farming households.
Now, let us talk about the future.

The future of agriculture is not just about producing more food. It is about producing food sustainably, while protecting land, water, and ecosystems. Wetlands are central to this future.

Unfortunately, wetlands are disappearing fast. Drainage for farming, uncontrolled grazing, pollution from agrochemicals, sand mining, and urban expansion are degrading these ecosystems.

When wetlands are poorly managed, agriculture also suffers in the long term. So the question is not whether we should use wetlands for agriculture, but how we use them.

Sustainable wetland-based agriculture means:
Avoiding complete drainage of wetlands
Using controlled water management systems
Reducing excessive fertilizer and pesticide use
Protecting buffer zones along rivers and streams

Combining farming with conservation practices
For policymakers, wetlands should be integrated into agricultural planning and climate-smart agriculture strategies.

For farmers, wetlands should be seen as shared resources that require collective management, not short-term exploitation.
For young people and agripreneurs, wetlands offer opportunities in rice production, vegetable farming, aquaculture, and eco-agriculture, if done responsibly.
As we mark International Wetlands Day today, the message is clear:

No wetlands, no water. No water, no agriculture. No agriculture, no food security.
Protecting wetlands is not an environmental luxury. It is an agricultural necessity.
Let us farm with nature, not against it.
Thank you for listening to today’s Agro Info. Until next time, let us protect our wetlands to secure the future of agriculture.



/2026

27/01/2026

26/01/2026

🌿 7:30 Agric Info Wood Ash: The Neglected Farm Hero
Wood ash is one of the oldest soil amendments known to farmers, yet it is often ignored or poorly used today. In many rural areas, it is freely available from kitchens, bakeries, palm oil processing, and firewood use. When handled correctly, wood ash can quietly improve soil fertility and crop performance at almost zero cost.

What Is Wood Ash?
Wood ash is the powdery residue left after burning untreated wood, crop residues, or plant biomass. It is not fertilizer in the conventional sense, but a soil amendment. Its main role is to supply certain nutrients and to correct soil acidity.

Only ash from clean, untreated wood should be used. Ash from painted wood, plywood, charcoal briquettes, or waste materials can contain toxic substances and must be avoided.
What Does Wood Ash Contain?
Wood ash is rich in alkaline minerals and plant nutrients, mainly:

Calcium (very high): helps reduce soil acidity and strengthens plant cell walls
Potassium (K): essential for flowering, fruiting, and disease resistance
Magnesium: supports chlorophyll formation
Phosphorus (small amounts)
Trace elements such as boron, zinc, and manganese

Wood ash contains no nitrogen, because nitrogen is lost during burning.
Benefits of Wood Ash on the Farm
Corrects acidic soils
Wood ash raises soil pH, making nutrients more available, especially in highly weathered tropical soils common in Cameroon.

Improves crop yields

Potassium from ash improves grain filling, tuber bulking, and fruit quality in crops like maize, cassava, plantain, tomato, and pepper.

Strengthens crops

Calcium improves root development and reduces problems like blossom end rot in tomatoes and peppers.

Supports beneficial soil organisms

By reducing excessive acidity, ash creates better conditions for earthworms and useful microbes.

Repels some pests

When lightly dusted around plants, ash can discourage ants, slugs, and some crawling insects.

How Much Wood Ash Should a Farmer Apply?

For acidic soils, practical field experience shows that wood ash works best when applied moderately:
Field crops (maize, cassava, legumes, plantain):
Apply 2–5 tonnes per hectare once in a season.
Start with 2 tonnes per hectare if the soil is only slightly acidic.
Go up to 5 tonnes per hectare if the soil is strongly acidic.
Vegetable gardens:
Apply about 0.2–0.5 kg per square metre and mix well into the soil before planting.
Tree crops and perennials:
Apply 0.5–1.0 kg per mature plant, spread around the root zone and lightly incorporated.

These rates should not be applied every year on the same field. One application can last 2–3 cropping seasons, depending on rainfall and soil type.

How to Optimize the Benefits

Apply moderately

Use small, measured quantities. Excess ash can make soil too alkaline and harm crops.
Incorporate into the soil
Always mix ash into the soil to reduce nutrient losses and avoid surface burning.

Apply before planting

Apply 1–2 weeks before planting so the soil stabilizes.
Combine with organic matter
Mixing ash with compost or manure improves nutrient balance and soil structure.

Target acidic fields

Wood ash is most useful on acidic soils. On neutral or alkaline soils, its use should be very limited.

Practical Tips for Farmers

Keep ash dry; rain quickly washes away potassium.
Never place ash directly on young seedlings or fresh roots.
Do not use ash alone in nurseries unless mixed with compost and soil.
Do not mix ash directly with urea or ammonium fertilizers; nutrients will be lost.
When in doubt, apply less rather than more.

Final Word
Wood ash is not a magic input, but when used correctly and at the right rate, it is a reliable, low-cost tool for improving soil health and crop performance. For farmers dealing with acidic soils and high fertilizer costs, this neglected farm hero deserves renewed attention.

25/01/2026

7:30 Agric Info: Weather Parameters Every Farmer Should Know and Their Ideal Ranges

Weather data is not for meteorologists. It is for farmers who want stable yields and fewer losses. Each number you see has a reason it is measured.

1. Temperature: 81°F (Feels like 88°F)
What it is: Air heat level.
Why measured: Affects germination, growth, flowering, and yield.
Ideal range: 68–86°F for most crops; outside this, crops may experience heat or cold stress.
Action today: Water crops early or late, avoid fertilizer application, mulch soil.

2. Cloud Cover: Cloudy
What it is: Amount of sunlight blocked by clouds.
Why measured: Sunlight drives photosynthesis and evaporation.
Ideal range: 30–70% cloud cover is generally safe; too little or too much reduces growth.
Action today: Good for transplanting seedlings; delay sunlight-dependent spraying.

3. Rainfall Estimate: 0.04 in (24 hr)
What it is: Expected precipitation.
Why measured: Provides water for crops and activates fertilizers.
Ideal range: 0.5–1 inch per week for most crops; less is drought risk, more may cause waterlogging.
Action today: Irrigate; do not rely on rain.

4. Wind Speed & Direction: 4 mph from SE
What it is: Air movement and direction.
Why measured: Influences spraying, pollination, and evaporation.
Ideal range: 2–10 mph for safe spraying; avoid >15 mph to reduce drift.
Action today: Safe for spraying, monitor direction to protect neighboring fields.

5. Humidity: 78% | Dew Point: 74°F
What it is: Moisture in the air (dew point shows temperature at which water condenses).
Why measured: High humidity encourages fungal disease, low slows growth.
Ideal range: 40–60% for disease control.
Action today: Inspect crops for fungal disease; improve spacing; avoid overhead irrigation.

6. Visibility: 9 miles
What it is: How far you can see clearly.
Why measured: Indicates fog, dust, or smoke that can affect spraying and travel.
Ideal range: >5 miles is safe for field operations.
Action today: Good day for fieldwork.

7. Atmospheric Pressure: 29.9" (Rising)
What it is: Weight of air above.
Why measured: Predicts weather changes.
Ideal range: Rising pressure = stable weather; falling = rain likely.
Action today: Use the stable period for weeding, transplanting, and spraying.

8. UV Index: 5 (Moderate)
What it is: Strength of ultraviolet radiation from the sun.
Why measured: High UV can stress crops and harm humans.
Ideal range: 1–5 for safe outdoor activity; >6 requires protection.
Action today: Protect yourself and young crops from direct sun.

Final message to farmers

Weather data is early warning, not decoration on your phone. Farmers who read and act early reduce losses, save water, and protect yields.

24/01/2026

Lab test and future of precision base agriculture in developing countries.

In developed countries, it is very common to find small and medium-scale laboratories specifically set up to serve farmers’ day-to-day needs. These labs are a normal and essential part of the agricultural support system, even though they may not always be located directly on farms.
Below is a clear explanation of how this works and why it matters.

1. Types of Small Labs Serving Farmers
In advanced agricultural systems, farmers regularly use service-oriented laboratories, including:
Soil testing laboratories
These are the most widespread. They analyze soil pH, organic matter, nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium, micronutrients, salinity, and sometimes contamination. Many are privately owned, university-linked, or run by cooperatives.
Plant and tissue analysis labs
Used to diagnose nutrient deficiencies or toxicities while crops are growing. This helps farmers adjust fertilization before yield losses occur.
Water quality testing labs
These support irrigation management by testing salinity, hardness, nutrients, and contaminants.
Animal health and feed analysis labs
Small diagnostic labs test feed quality, milk composition, manure nutrients, and common livestock diseases.
These labs are often small, practical, and highly standardized, not large research institutions.

2. How Common Are They in Developed Countries?
Very common.
In countries like the United States, Canada, Germany, the Netherlands, Australia, and France, almost every agricultural region has access to multiple soil and plant testing labs.
Many farmers test soil at least once every 1–3 years as a routine practice.
In the U.S. alone, hundreds of certified soil-testing labs operate at state universities, private firms, and cooperative extension centers.
In the EU, soil and nutrient testing is often linked to subsidy compliance and environmental regulations, which further increases demand for such labs.
These labs are not luxury services; they are treated as basic farm infrastructure, just like seed suppliers or machinery dealers.

3. Who Runs These Labs?
They are operated by:
Universities and agricultural colleges
Private agribusiness companies
Farmer cooperatives
Local governments or extension services
Independent agri-diagnostic firms
Many are staffed by agricultural science graduates, not necessarily PhD researchers, but BSc and MSc holders trained in soil science, agronomy, animal science, or agricultural chemistry.

4. Why Farmers Use Them Regularly
Farmers in developed countries rely on these labs because they:
Reduce fertilizer costs by avoiding guesswork
Improve yields through precise nutrient management
Help meet environmental regulations
Detect problems early (soil degradation, nutrient imbalance, disease risks)
Support precision and climate-smart agriculture
In short, laboratory-based decision-making is normal practice, not an exception.

5. Why This Matters for Graduate Employment
This is one of the strongest arguments for employing more agricultural graduates outside direct farming. Small labs:
Create stable professional jobs
Directly support farmers’ productivity
Strengthen the link between science and practice

Encourage data-driven agriculture
In developed countries, many agriculture graduates will never own a farm, yet they remain fully embedded in agriculture through these service labs.

Conclusion
small laboratories serving farmers are not only common in developed countries; they are foundational to how modern agriculture functions. They provide practical, affordable, and localized services, and they employ large numbers of agricultural graduates. Any country aiming to modernize its agriculture must see such labs not as optional projects, but as core agricultural infrastructure.