10/05/2025
What is Depression?
Depression is a common but serious mental health disorder characterized by persistent sadness, loss of interest, and a range of emotional and physical problems. It affects how a person feels, thinks, and handles daily activities.
Types of Depression:
• Major Depressive Disorder (MDD):
• Severe symptoms lasting at least 2 weeks.
• Persistent Depressive Disorder (Dysthymia):
• Milder symptoms lasting 2+ years.
• Bipolar Depression:
• Depressive episodes alternating with manic episodes.
• Seasonal Affective Disorder (SAD):
• Depression related to seasonal changes, often in winter.
• Postpartum Depression:
• Occurs after childbirth.
Symptoms of Depression:
• Persistent sadness or emptiness
• Loss of interest or pleasure in activities
• Changes in appetite or weight
• Sleep disturbances (insomnia or hypersomnia)
• Fatigue or loss of energy
• Feelings of worthlessness or guilt
• Difficulty concentrating
• Thoughts of death or su***de
Clinical Management of Depression:
1. Psychotherapy
• Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT): Identifies and changes negative thinking patterns.
• Interpersonal Therapy (IPT): Focuses on relationship issues.
• Psychodynamic Therapy: Explores unconscious patterns.
2. Medications
• Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitors (SSRIs): e.g., fluoxetine, sertraline.
• Serotonin-Norepinephrine Reuptake Inhibitors (SNRIs): e.g., venlafaxine, duloxetine.
• Tricyclic Antidepressants (TCAs): e.g., amitriptyline.
• Atypical antidepressants: e.g., bupropion, mirtazapine.
• Monitor for side effects and suicidal ideation, especially in early treatment.
3. Lifestyle Modifications
• Regular exercise (e.g., walking, running)
• Healthy eating
• Sleep hygiene
• Reducing alcohol and drug use
4. Support Systems
• Family, friends, or support groups
• Encourage social interaction
5. Electroconvulsive Therapy (ECT)
• For severe or treatment-resistant depression
• Effective but reserved for specific cases
6. Other Therapies
• Repetitive Transcranial Magne
