17/02/2026
A rotator cuff tear occurs when one or more of the rotator cuff tendons partially or completely rupture, most commonly affecting the supraspinatus tendon. These tendons play a vital role in stabilizing the shoulder joint and guiding smooth arm motion. When a tear develops, the shoulder loses dynamic stability, leading to pain, weakness, and altered movement patterns.
The rotator cuff functions to keep the humeral head centered in the shallow glenoid socket during arm movement. When the tendon tears, this stabilizing force is reduced. As a result, the humeral head may migrate upward during arm elevation, narrowing the subacromial space and increasing mechanical compression of surrounding tissues. This altered biomechanics often leads to impingement symptoms and further tissue irritation.
Rotator cuff tears can develop from acute injury, such as lifting a heavy object or falling on an outstretched arm, or from chronic degeneration due to aging, repetitive overhead activity, and long-standing tendon inflammation. Poor posture and muscle imbalance can increase stress on the tendon over time, making it more vulnerable to tearing.
Common symptoms include weakness when lifting the arm, pain during overhead activities, difficulty reaching behind the back, night pain when lying on the affected side, and a catching or dropping sensation in the arm. Smaller tears may present with mild weakness, while larger tears significantly limit shoulder function.
Management depends on tear size, severity, and functional limitations. Conservative care focuses on reducing inflammation, restoring mobility, strengthening the rotator cuff and scapular stabilizers, and improving shoulder mechanics. In severe or full-thickness tears with major weakness, surgical repair may be required.
Early recognition and proper rehabilitation are essential to restore shoulder function, prevent compensation patterns, and maintain long-term joint health.