Dr Imtyaz

Dr Imtyaz A Medical doctor who graduated in 2023. Now, I am pursuing my studies in India and sharing medical education. Dr Imtyaz Allied health organisation

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🚨 From the common cases📍 Treatment of   in childrenInitial Management of   in Children_Who would we prefer to start an a...
01/12/2025

🚨 From the common cases

📍 Treatment of in children
Initial Management of in Children

_Who would we prefer to start an antibiotics and who would be given a chance?

_ What are the alternatives in case the patient is allergic to pencelin?

_ If we give the child a heat absorber of the type and the temperature rises again before 4 hours after the dose, what is the suggested alternative treatment?

👶 Children who need antibiotics immediately:

_ Age < 2 Years
_ Temperature ارة 39°C
_ Severe pain unresponsive to palliatives
_Pretty obvious buzz in the drum
_Ear extractions
_Ear infection
_Symptoms _ 72 hours

🔵 Children with the least need antibiotics immediately:

_ Age سنت 2 years
_ Temperature < 39°C
_Mild-Medium Pain Responding to Hospitals
_Infection in one ear only
_ without a blow in the drum
_ Symptoms < 72 hours

: The basic treatment plan:

🔹 Treatment starts with pain killers like:

Paracetamol /
/

🟦 If there is no danger: Note first is a preferred choice

🌀 Serious presence such as (age is less than 6 months, lack of immunity, severe illness / or desire of family:
Starting the counter right away

💊 Antibiotic selection:

📌 There is no allergy to pensylin:


The two conclusions are at:

_Using Amoxicillin last 30 days
_Amoxicillin previous response failure
_ Eye infection is synchronized with the ear

📌 With the presence of bencylin allergy, the alternative is:

_ Instant IgE allergy
/

_ Non-immediate allergy (not IgE):

and
Oral / IM

⏱ Follow up :

_ No improvement in 72 hours ⬅️ Change the treatment
_recurring inflammation / speech or hearing delay ⬅️ auditory assessment
_Liquids behind the drum ⬅️ Referral to a specialist in nose, ear and throat

📍 The basic idea :

🩺Start with pesticides, observe if the condition is not severe, the antidote is not always the first solution

“Today, I have earned a Doctor of Ayurveda(BAMS) degree Bachelor of Ayurvedic Medicine and Surgery in h from the Glocal ...
30/11/2025

“Today, I have earned a Doctor of Ayurveda(BAMS) degree Bachelor of Ayurvedic Medicine and Surgery in h from the Glocal University, and I will apply this experience to my patients to deliver excellent results, and I will continue to serve them.”

Drug of choice for MSSA infections isCefazolin Vancomycin
30/11/2025

Drug of choice for MSSA infections is

Cefazolin

Vancomycin

Pathophysiological interactions between heart and kidney in type 4 cardiorenal syndrome (CRS) or “chronic renocardiac sy...
29/11/2025

Pathophysiological interactions between heart and kidney in type 4 cardiorenal syndrome (CRS) or “chronic renocardiac syndrome” (chronic kidney disease [CKD], e.g., chronic glomerular disease, contributing to decreased cardiac function, cardiac hypertrophy, or increased risk of adverse cardiovascular events)

Albuminuria Management (BMJ Visual Summary)Diagnosis & Monitoring:· CKD Diagnosis: Persistent UACR ≥3 mg/mmol.· Active S...
29/11/2025

Albuminuria Management (BMJ Visual Summary)

Diagnosis & Monitoring:

· CKD Diagnosis: Persistent UACR ≥3 mg/mmol.
· Active Surveillance: Repeat UACR in 3 months to confirm persistence.
· Monitoring:
· Stable (UACR 3-30 & eGFR ≥60): Re-screen in 12 months.
· Severe (UACR >30): Monitor every 3-6 months.

Treatment (Comorbidity-Guided & Additive):
Initiate treatment based on underlying conditions.Core agents include:

· SGLT2i (eGFR ≥20)
· ACEi/ARB
· MRA (eGFR ≥25)
· GLP-1 RA

Nephrology Referral Indications:

· Suspected glomerulonephritis (haematuria + proteinuria).
· UACR >30 mg/mmol.
· Rapidly increasing albuminuria.
· Progressive eGFR decline, resistant hypertension, or unknown aetiology.

BIRTH ASPHYXIA IN NEONATES(Perinatal/Neonatal Asphyxia):Birth asphyxia is failure to establish and sustain breathing at ...
28/11/2025

BIRTH ASPHYXIA IN NEONATES

(Perinatal/Neonatal Asphyxia):

Birth asphyxia is failure to establish and sustain breathing at birth, leading to impaired gas exchange, hypoxia, hypercapnia, and acidosis, resulting in potential multi-organ damage.

CAUSES

1. Antenatal Causes
• Maternal hypertension / pre-eclampsia
• Maternal diabetes
• Maternal anemia
• Infections
• Placental insufficiency
• Intrauterine growth restriction (IUGR)

2. Intrapartum Causes
• Prolonged/obstructed labor
• Umbilical cord prolapse/knots
• Placental abruption
• Placenta previa with bleeding
• Meconium aspiration
• Uterine rupture
• Use of sedatives/general anesthesia

3. Postnatal Causes
• Severe respiratory distress
• Congenital heart disease
• Prematurity (RDS)



PATHOPHYSIOLOGY

Hypoxia → ↓ATP → Anaerobic metabolism → Lactic acidosis → Cellular dysfunction → Organ injury.
Affected organs: Brain (HIE), heart, kidneys, lungs, GI tract.



CLINICAL FEATURES

1. Immediately After Birth
• No/poor breathing
• Bradycardia (

Tenecteplase: expanding horizons in thrombolytic therapy across various clinical indications
27/11/2025

Tenecteplase: expanding horizons in thrombolytic therapy across various clinical indications

How your gut microbes help set your body’s internal clockThis figure shows how the gut and brain communicate through neu...
27/11/2025

How your gut microbes help set your body’s internal clock

This figure shows how the gut and brain communicate through neural, immune, endocrine, and metabolic pathways that are influenced by the body’s internal clock. The microbiome, hormones, and light–dark cycles interact to coordinate sleep, metabolism, stress responses, and inflammation across the gut–brain axis.

1️⃣ Central and peripheral clocks
The brain’s master clock in the suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) aligns daily rhythms with environmental light through the retinohypothalamic tract. Peripheral clocks, including those in the gut, follow signals from the SCN but also respond to feeding times and microbial metabolites.
🟢 Example: Disrupted light exposure or irregular eating can desynchronize the gut’s circadian rhythm, altering microbial composition and metabolic regulation.

2️⃣ Endocrine pathway
The hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal (HPA) axis links stress and circadian timing through hormone signaling. Gut microbes influence HPA activation by releasing metabolites and cytokines that affect cortisol release.
🟢 Example: Certain bacteria such as Actinobacteria and Streptococcus modulate HPA activity, contributing to changes in inflammation and stress hormone output.

3️⃣ Immune pathway
Microbial components interact with immune cells in the intestinal mucosa, producing cytokines that reach the brain through circulation or vagal signaling.
🟢 Example: Lipopolysaccharides (LPS) and pattern-associated molecules from gut bacteria trigger IL-1β and TNF-α release, linking dysbiosis to neuroinflammation and altered sleep quality.

4️⃣ Metabolic pathway
Microbes regulate lipid and glucose metabolism through production of short-chain fatty acids and other metabolites that follow circadian patterns.
🟢 Example: Species like Lactococcus chungangensis and Ruminococcus bromii affect lipid metabolism, aligning energy use with the body’s day–night cycle.

5️⃣ Neural pathway
The vagus nerve transmits microbial and immune signals bidirectionally between gut and brain. Neurotransmitters and microbial by-products influence mood, stress, and cognition through this circuit.
🟢 Example: Cytokines and bacterial metabolites act on vagal afferents, shaping neural activity in regions that regulate alertness and emotional balance.

Together, these pathways demonstrate how the microbiome acts as a peripheral clock that integrates environmental cues, diet, and stress signals with the brain’s circadian system. When alignment breaks down, it contributes to insomnia, metabolic dysfunction, and inflammation across multiple organ systems.

Alveolus – Structure & Function (Infographic Content)✅ What is an Alveolus?◾ Tiny air sac in the lungs where gas exchang...
27/11/2025

Alveolus – Structure & Function (Infographic Content)

✅ What is an Alveolus?

◾ Tiny air sac in the lungs where gas exchange occurs.
◾ Surrounded by a dense capillary network.

✅ Structure of the Alveolus

◾ Alveolar Wall
🔹 Thin, one-cell thick epithelium
🔹 Allows rapid gas diffusion
◾ Surfactant Layer
🔺 Reduces surface tension
🔺 Prevents alveolar collapse
◾ Interstitial Space
🔹 Space between alveoli & capillaries
🔹 Contains elastic fibers for expansion
◾ Capillary Network
🔹 Carries blood for oxygenation

✅ Blood Flow Around the Alveolus

◾ Deoxygenated blood in (via venule)
🔹 Low O₂, high CO₂
◾ Oxygenated blood out (via arteriole)
🔹 High O₂, low CO₂

✅ Gas Exchange Process

◾ O₂ moves from alveolus → blood
🔹 Diffuses into red blood cells
🔹 Binds with hemoglobin
◾ CO₂ moves from blood → alveolus
🔹 Removed during exhalation

✅ During Breathing

◾ Inhalation
🔹 Fresh air fills alveoli
🔹 O₂ concentration increases
◾ Exhalation
🔹 CO₂-rich air leaves the body

✅ Key Functions of the Alveoli

◾ Provide large surface area for gas exchange
◾ Maintain efficient diffusion with thin membranes
◾ Keep airways moist with surfactant
◾ Allow quick exchange of O₂ and CO₂

‎⁦‪ ‬⁩ and neonatal basic mechanical ventilation  🫁RT🫁
27/11/2025

‎⁦‪ ‬⁩ and neonatal basic mechanical ventilation 🫁RT🫁

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Amroha
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