Dr Imtyaz

28/03/2026

New research leveraging patient data and mouse models reveals how psychological stress can worsen atopic dermatitis, or eczema. It does so by activating a specific neural pathway that links the brain to immune responses in the skin.

The study’s authors emphasize that managing psychological stress, alongside conventional therapies, may represent an underused but potentially powerful strategy for improving outcomes in eczema.

27/03/2026

TSH VS T4 VS T3.

26/03/2026

26/03/2026

1. BASIC STRUCTURE (MUST REMEMBER)
❤️ 4 CHAMBERS:
Right Atrium (RA)
Right Ventricle (RV)
Left Atrium (LA)
Left Ventricle (LV) ⭐ Strongest

🔴 Exam Tip:
👉 LV pumps blood to whole body → highest pressure
2. BLOOD FLOW (VERY IMPORTANT MCQ)

👉 Remember sequence (life-saving question)

BODY → RA → RV → LUNGS → LA → LV → BODY

Stepwise:
Superior & Inferior vena cava → RA
RA → Tricuspid valve → RV
RV → Pulmonary valve → Pulmonary artery → Lungs
Lungs → Pulmonary veins → LA
LA → Mitral valve → LV
LV → Aortic valve → Aorta → Body

🔴 Shortcut:
👉 Right = deoxygenated
👉 Left = oxygenated

26/03/2026

Sympatholytics - Adrenoreceptor Antagonists Summary

26/03/2026

VENTRICULAR TACHYCARDIA.

25/03/2026

(5-Minute Consult )

Definition
• Inflammation of the bladder, usually due to infection
• Commonly used synonym: lower urinary tract infection (UTI) 

⸻

Etiology / Causes
• Most common: ascending bacterial infection from urethra 
• Typical organisms:
• Escherichia coli (80–85%)
• Staphylococcus saprophyticus (10–15%)
• Others: Klebsiella, Proteus 

⸻

Risk & Epidemiology
• Very common, especially in women
• Up to 60% of females have at least one UTI in lifetime 
• Recurrence is frequent (20–40%) 

⸻

Clinical Features (Typical Symptoms)
• Dysuria (painful urination)
• Urinary frequency and urgency
• Suprapubic discomfort
• Possible hematuria
• Usually no systemic symptoms (if present → consider pyelonephritis)

⸻

Types
• Uncomplicated cystitis: normal urinary tract, localized symptoms 
• Complicated cystitis: structural/functional abnormality, immunocompromised, resistant organisms 
• Recurrent cystitis: ≥2 in 6 months or ≥3/year 

⸻

Diagnosis
• Mainly clinical (symptoms)
• Urinalysis:
• Leukocytes, nitrites
• Urine culture:
• For complicated or recurrent cases

⸻

Management

First-line (uncomplicated):
• Short-course antibiotics (e.g., nitrofurantoin, TMP-SMX, fosfomycin)

Supportive:
• Hydration
• Analgesics (e.g., phenazopyridine)

Complicated cases:
• Broader antibiotics + evaluation of underlying cause

⸻

Complications
• Ascending infection → pyelonephritis
• Sepsis (rare)

⸻

Clinical Pearls
• Most cases are due to E. coli from bowel flora 
• Diagnosis is often symptom-based without culture in simple cases
• Recurrent infections are common in women

⸻

22/03/2026

Pyloric Stenosis: High-Yield Notes

Infant gastric outlet obstruction from hypertrophied pylorus → typically age 2–8 weeks → vomiting worsens over days

🔹 Key Symptoms
→ Projectile, non-bilious vomiting (milk-like)
→ Vomiting after feeds
→ Baby still hungry after vomiting (“hungry vomiter”)
→ Poor weight gain / weight loss
→ Dehydration (dry mouth, fewer wet diapers)
→ Fewer stools / constipation
→ Irritability (may occur)
→ No bile in vomit (obstruction is before duodenum)

🔹 Classic Exam Clues
→ Visible gastric peristalsis (wave-like movement across upper abdomen after feeding)
→ Palpable “olive” mass in RUQ/epigastrium

🔹 Typical Lab Pattern
→ Hypochloremic metabolic alkalosis
→ Often hypokalemia (total body K low)
→ Dehydration can raise BUN/Cr

🔹 Diagnosis
→ Ultrasound confirms (thickened pylorus / elongated channel)

🔹 Management (High-yield)
→ First: IV fluids + correct electrolytes
→ Definitive: pyloromyotomy

⭐ Exam Tip
→ Projectile non-bilious vomiting at 2–8 weeks + hungry baby + “olive” = pyloric stenosis.

22/03/2026

SLEEP DEPRIVATION

22/03/2026

IMPLANTATION.

21/03/2026