29/09/2025
Pituitary Adenoma
A pituitary adenoma is a usually benign (non-cancerous) tumor that arises from the pituitary gland, a small gland at the base of the brain that regulates hormones.
Types
Functioning Adenomas (hormone-secreting)
Prolactinoma → excess prolactin
Growth hormone–secreting adenoma → acromegaly / gigantism
ACTH-secreting adenoma → Cushing’s disease
TSH-secreting adenoma → hyperthyroidism
Non-functioning Adenomas (do not secrete hormones)
Cause symptoms mainly due to pressure on nearby structures.
Symptoms
Hormonal Effects (depending on type):
Irregular menstruation, infertility, galactorrhea (milk secretion)
Acromegaly: large hands/feet, facial changes
Cushing’s disease: obesity, round face, hypertension, diabetes
Hyperthyroidism symptoms (rare)
Mass Effect (due to tumor pressure):
Headache
Vision problems (especially loss of side vision – bitemporal hemianopia)
Nausea, vomiting (large tumors)
Rarely, pituitary apoplexy (sudden bleeding into the tumor) → emergency
Diagnosis
Hormone blood tests (prolactin, GH, ACTH, cortisol, TSH, thyroid hormones, etc.)
MRI brain with pituitary protocol
Visual field testing (perimetry)
Treatment
Medication
Dopamine agonists (Cabergoline, Bromocriptine) → for prolactinomas
Somatostatin analogs, GH receptor antagonists → for GH-secreting tumors
Surgery
Transsphenoidal surgery (through the nose) – standard treatment for most adenomas
Radiotherapy
For residual or recurrent tumors not controlled by surgery/medicines
Prognosis
Most pituitary adenomas are benign and treatable.
Early diagnosis and treatment can restore hormonal balance and prevent vision loss.