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All about discussion on neoplastic and non neoplastic Hematological disorders.

08/02/2022

Red cell membrane:
The red cell membrane comprises a lipid bilayer, integral membrane proteins and a membrane skeleton. Approximately 50% of the membrane is protein, 20% phospholipids, 20% cholesterol molecules and up to 10% is carbohydrate. Carbohydrates occur only on the external surface while proteins are either peripheral or integral, penetrating the lipid bilayer. Several red cell proteins have been numbered according to their mobility on polyacrylamide gel electro-phoresis (PAGE), e.g. band 3, proteins 4.1, 4.2.

04/02/2022

Position of the curve depends on the con-centration of 2,3‐DPG, H+ ions and CO2 in the red cell and on the structure of the haemoglobin molecule. High concentrations of 2,3‐DPG, H+ or CO2, and the presence of sickle haemoglobin (Hb S), shift the curve to the right (oxygen is given up more easily) whereas fetal haemoglobin (Hb F) – which is unable to bind 2,3‐DPG – and certain rare abnormal haemoglobins associated with polycythaemia shift the curve to the left because they give up O2 less readily than normal.

14/01/2022

Iron overload

17/10/2021

What is Hairy Cell Leukemia?

Hairy cell leukemia is a chronic and rare form of adult leukemia. It is estimated that approximately 2% of adult patients with leukemia have this form of disease. While the cause of this malignancy is not known, the origin of the malignant cell is thought to develop from the memory B cell compartment. These malignant cells infiltrate the bone marrow, the spleen, and the liver from the time of diagnosis. While lymph nodes in the abdomen may be involved, lymph nodes are rarely enlarged on physical examination.

Hairy cell leukemia is usually gradual in onset. Patients present with fatigue, increased susceptibility to infection, and enlargement of the spleen. The malignant hairy cells in the bone marrow compromise the usual production of normal red cells, white blood cells, and platelets that are manufactured in the bone marrow.

There are approximately 1,000 new cases of hairy cell leukemia discovered every year in the United States. There is an unexplained larger number of men than women afflicted with this leukemia. Hairy cell leukemia is treatable, but not curable. While the cause is not known, the treatment is usually very effective in helping patients lead a normal life.

09/10/2021

Mutations in Essential thrombocytosis

08/10/2021

Tumors causing absolute erythrocytosis:
Hypernephroma
Hepatoma
Cerebellar hemangioblastoma
Uterine myoma
Adrenal tumors
Meningioma
Pheochromocytoma

29/09/2021

Antidote for methotrexate toxicity?

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28/09/2021

Fanconi anaemia

22/09/2021

G6PD deficiency:
Hemolytic anaemia can develop as a result of three types of triggers: (1) fava beans, (2) infections, and (3) drugs. Typically, a hemolytic attack starts with malaise, weakness, and abdominal or lumbar pain. After an interval of several hours to 2–3 days, the patient develops jaundice and often dark urine. The onset can be extremely abrupt, especially with favism in children. The anemia is moderate to extremely severe, usually normocytic and normochromic, and due partly to intravascular hemolysis; hence, it is associated with hemoglobinemia, hemoglobinuria, high LDH, and low or absent plasma haptoglobin. The blood film shows anisocytosis, polychromasia, and spherocytes; in addition, the most typical feature of G6PD deficiency is the presence of bizarre poikilocytes, with red cells that appear to have unevenly distributed hemoglobin (“hemighosts”) and red cells that appear to have had parts of them bitten away (“bite cells”).

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