Dr Ram's Pathology Lab

27/12/2022

Ram naam sat hua jab
Ram Ram hone laga tab

20/11/2021

03/08/2020

E S R. Erythrocyte Sedimentation Rate

Rate at which red cells settle if allowed to stand still

Normal value
Men 0 to 4 mm 1st hour
Women 2 to 6 mm

Increased in
Chronic diseaes like Tb , Rheumatoid, kala azar , ulcerative colitis
Cancers like multiple myeloma , lymphomas

Infections of any kind , anemia etc will increase the esr
It is just an indicator , it does not specify the disease

MYTH. Food / eating increases esr by a very small amount because of increased body metabolism so emphasis on it to be done fasting is grossly misplaced

ESR has a prognostic value as well , with recovery from the disease it starts coming down

25/07/2020

ANEMIA

Anemia is graded as
Severe - when Hb is below 6gm
Moderate Hb < 9gm
Mild Hb below the normal to 9gm

Anemia is classified as
1. Nutritional when it happens due to nutrients required to male Hb like Iron , folic acid , vit B 12 , trace elements , proteins and certain other elements
2. Aplastic / hypoplastic when the factory for blood formation (bone marrow) stops functioning like normal could happen due to drugs , infiltration of marrow , viral n autoimmune diseases
3. Hemolytic Anemia normally the life span of red cells is around 120 days but due to certain reasons confined to red cell means abnormal cells get destroyed early OR reasons in the environment in which the red cells live kills these early giving rise to anemia

23/07/2020

ANEMIA

Can be diagnosed by estimating Haemoglobin , Red cell counts , oxygen carrying capacity of blood

Patient feels weak , gets tired , feels breathless . His heart pounds and feels his heart running faster . Looks pale .
Women may show change or reduction of me**es , infertility etc
When examined , his conjunctiva is pale , his tongue pale , his pulse rate high , his nails brittle with concavity or spooning, may also have neural sensations reduced , his body organs like liver and spleen enlarged , his kidneys shrunk , his thyroid gland not functioning , heart functions disturbed
A good physician consultation. A good lab work up gets needed to find out the cause and treatment accordingly

23/07/2020

Friends , Good Morning
May you remain safe n healthy
I m writing small titbits about human pathology
Let me get a little feed back if you find it worth and if any questions , please feel free to ask

23/07/2020

Platelets
These small fragments of cytoplasm are with out nuclei but are loaded with granules , responsible for maintaining blood in its fluid state in the blood vessels and also seal cuts n wounds which we all normally suffer .
Their normal count is 1.5 to 3 .0 lakhs per cumm
Decrease in them called thrombopenia can bring about bleeding, which in internal organs proves fatal . It can result from many causes
Increase is called thrombocytosis , a large number of these in millions can be serious

22/07/2020

White blood cell (WBC)

These are cells assigned to protect our body
TLC 4000 to 11000 per cumm
They are DLC
Neutrophils 40 to 70%
Lymphocytes 25 to 45 %
Eosinophils 2 to 6 %
Monocytes 2 to 4%
Neutrophils are the early or acute response , get increased sore throat , appendicitis , boils, abscesses etc
Lymphocytes in chronic infections like Tb , rheumatoid
and also in viral infections
Eosinophils in Allergy
Monocytes during viral infections and also reserve forces called upon by Neutrophils n lymphocytes to help out
Lymphocytes are two main kind B and T but in blood mostly are T type

20/07/2020

Haemoglobin

HB is made of Haem + Globin.
Haem has an Iron molecule and globin is composed of chain of Amino acids . In adults these are Alpha and beta chains , In faetal Hb , Gamma chains
Haemoglobin carries oxygen to tissues and brings back carbon
Oxyhaemoglobin
Carboxyhaemoglibin

In Lab , HB is tested by Cynmeth HB method

Deficiency of nutrients like iron, folic acid, vit B12 , protein give rise to reduced production of haemoglobin
So does the reduced formation of globin chains like is seen in Thallassemia , Sickle cell Anemia etc

20/07/2020

Blood formation

In the fetus, blood is formed in liver and spleen but the process shifts to bones after birth , in red marrow . With age marrow dries up to yellow and the blood production is confined to end of long bones and some flat bones like pelvis , ribs , sternum , vertebra etc
Bone marrow is studied to diagnose blood diseases and some systemic diseases

19/07/2020

I pledge

Not to touch my face , mouth nostrils