Dr A.AMIN Homeopath, Phatak, KOLKATA (2025)

03/12/2025

Person with disabilities treatment

28/11/2025

Jaundice (also known as Icterus) is a condition that turns the skin and the whites of the eyes yellow.

It is not a disease itself, but rather a symptom of an underlying problem with the liver, gallbladder, or blood.

🟡 The Culprit: Bilirubin
Jaundice occurs when there is too much bilirubin in your body.

What is Bilirubin? It is a yellow waste product formed when old red blood cells are broken down.

Normal Process: Usually, your liver filters bilirubin from the bloodstream and releases it into the intestines as bile (which gives p**p its brown color).

In Jaundice: This process is interrupted, causing bilirubin to build up in the blood and deposit in the skin.

🔍 Types and Causes
Doctors classify jaundice based on where the problem occurs in this process:

1. Pre-Hepatic (Before the Liver)
The liver is working fine, but too many red blood cells are dying at once, overwhelming the liver's ability to filter the waste.

Causes: Malaria, Sickle Cell Anemia, or Thalassemia.

2. Hepatic (Inside the Liver)
The liver itself is damaged or scarred and cannot filter the bilirubin properly.

Causes:

Hepatitis (Viral infections like Hepatitis A, B, or C).

Cirrhosis (Scarring of the liver, often from alcohol abuse).

Drug or toxin toxicity (e.g., Acetaminophen overdose).

3. Post-Hepatic (After the Liver)
The bilirubin is processed correctly, but it can't leave the body because the bile ducts are blocked.

Causes: Gallstones, tumors (pancreatic cancer), or strictures.

⚠️ Symptoms
Aside from the obvious yellowing of the skin and eyes, other key signs include:

Dark urine: Often looks like tea or cola (excess bilirubin is peed out).

Pale or clay-colored stools: Because the bile isn't reaching the intestines to turn the stool brown.

Itchiness (Pruritus): Can be intense and all over the body.

Abdominal pain and fever (depending on the cause).

👶 Newborn Jaundice
Jaundice is very common in newborn babies (about 60% of full-term babies).

Why: A baby's liver is not fully developed and takes a few days to get up to speed on processing bilirubin.

Risk: Usually harmless and resolves in 1–2 weeks. However, very high levels can damage the brain (Kernicterus), so monitoring i

26/11/2025

Upper Respiratory Tract Infection (URTI) is the medical term for an infection affecting the parts of the body involved in breathing above the lungs.

It is one of the most common reasons people visit the doctor and includes the "common cold."

📍 Anatomy: What Gets Infected?
As the name suggests, it affects the upper tract:

Nose and Nasal Passages (Rhinitis)

Sinuses (Sinusitis)

Pharynx/Throat (Pharyngitis)

Larynx/Voice Box (Laryngitis)

Note: If the infection moves down into the windpipe (trachea) or lungs, it becomes a Lower Respiratory Tract Infection (like bronchitis or pneumonia), which is generally more serious.

🤧 Common Types of URTIs
The Common Cold: The most frequent type, usually caused by the Rhinovirus.

Sinusitis: Inflammation of the sinuses, causing facial pain and pressure.

Pharyngitis: Sore throat. While mostly viral, it can be bacterial (Strep Throat).

Laryngitis: Inflammation of the voice box, leading to hoarseness or loss of voice.

Tonsillitis: Inflammation of the tonsils.

🦠 Causes
Viruses (Most Common): About 90-95% of URTIs are viral. Because they are viral, antibiotics do not work and should not be used.

Bacteria: A small percentage are bacterial. The most common is Group A Streptococcus (causing Strep Throat).

🤒 Symptoms
Symptoms usually appear 1-3 days after exposure and last 7-10 days.

Runny or stuffy nose (congestion)

Sore throat

Cough

Sneezing

Hoarseness

Low-grade fever (more common in children)

Headache and body aches

24/11/2025

Childhood depression is a serious mental health condition. It is more than just feeling "blue" or having a bad day. It is a persistent feeling of sadness or loss of interest that disrupts a child’s ability to function in school and interact with others.

Unlike adults, who often express depression as sadness, children often express depression as anger or irritability.

🚩 Signs and Symptoms
Symptoms in children can be different from adults and may vary by age.

1. Emotional Changes
Irritability or Anger: This is the most common sign in children. They may have outbursts, tantrums, or be easily frustrated.

Persistent Sadness: Crying often or appearing "down" most of the time.

Loss of Interest: No longer wanting to play with friends or do hobbies they used to love (anhedonia).

Feelings of Worthlessness: Saying things like "I'm stupid," "No one likes me," or "It's all my fault."

2. Behavioral Changes
Social Withdrawal: Pulling away from friends and family; spending a lot of time alone in their room.

Changes in Appetite: Eating much less or much more than usual.

Sleep Problems: Sleeping too much or having trouble sleeping (insomnia).

Academic Decline: Grades dropping, refusing to go to school, or trouble concentrating.

3. Physical Complaints
Children often "somatize" their distress, meaning they feel emotional pain physically.

Frequent complaints of stomach aches or headaches that do not respond to medication.

🔍 Causes and Risk Factors
There is rarely a single cause. It is usually a combination of factors:

Brain Chemistry: Imbalances in neurotransmitters (like serotonin).

Genetics: A family history of depression increases risk.

Environment: Trauma, abuse, chaotic home life, or losing a loved one.

Social Stress: Bullying, academic pressure, or peer problems.

Physical Health: Chronic illness or physical disabilities.

🩺 Diagnosis and Treatment
Depression is treatable. If symptoms last for more than two weeks, a doctor should be consulted.

1. Psychotherapy (Counseling)
Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT): Helps older children identify negative thought patterns and replace them with healthier ones.

Play Therapy: Used for younger children who cannot art

23/11/2025

Cancerous wound care treatment

22/11/2025

Diarrhea describes loose, watery, and frequent bowel movements. It is a very common problem that usually resolves on its own within a few days, but it can sometimes indicate a more serious underlying issue.

⏱️ Types of Diarrhea
Acute Diarrhea:

Lasts for a short time (usually 1 to 2 days).

Usually caused by a viral or bacterial infection (often called "stomach flu" or food poisoning).

Persistent Diarrhea:

Lasts between 2 and 4 weeks.

Chronic Diarrhea:

Lasts for at least 4 weeks.

Usually a symptom of a chronic disease like IBS (Irritable Bowel Syndrome), IBD (Crohn's or Colitis), or Celiac disease.

🦠 Common Causes
Viruses: The most common cause. Examples include Norovirus, Rotavirus (common in children), and Adenovirus.

Bacteria and Parasites: Usually ingested through contaminated food or water. Common culprits are E. coli, Salmonella, and Giardia.

Medications: Many drugs, especially antibiotics, can disturb the natural balance of bacteria in your intestines.

Food Intolerances:

Lactose Intolerance: Inability to digest the sugar in milk.

Artificial Sweeteners: Sorbitol and mannitol (found in chewing gum) can cause issues.

Digestive Disorders: IBS, Crohn's disease, Ulcerative Colitis, or Celiac disease.

⚠️ Symptoms
Aside from loose stools, diarrhea is often accompanied by:

Stomach cramps and pain

Bloating

Nausea or vomiting

Urgency (sudden need to go to the toilet)

Fever (if there is an infection)

The Major Risk: Dehydration 💧
Diarrhea causes your body to lose fluids and electrolytes quickly. Dehydration is the biggest danger, especially for young children and older adults.

Signs of Dehydration:

Excessive thirst

Dry mouth or skin

Little or no urination

Dark yellow urine

Weakness, dizziness, or lightheadedness

🛡️ Prevention
Hand Washing: Wash hands frequently with soap and water, especially after using the toilet and before eating.

Food Safety: thoroughly cook meat and eggs. Wash fruits and vegetables.

Travel Care: When traveling to developing countries, drink bottled water and avoid raw foods or street vendors (to prevent "Traveler's Diarrhea").

21/11/2025

Recurrent tonsillitis is a condition where a person suffers from repeated episodes of acute tonsillitis (inflammation of the tonsils) within a single year or over several years.

While a single sore throat is common, recurrent tonsillitis can significantly impact daily life, leading to frequent antibiotic use and missed school or work.

📋 When is it "Recurrent"?
Doctors often use specific guidelines (known as the Paradise Criteria) to define recurrent tonsillitis and decide if surgical removal is necessary. It is generally defined as:

7 or more episodes in the past year.

5 or more episodes per year for the past 2 years.

3 or more episodes per year for the past 3 years.

🤒 Symptoms (During an Episode)
The symptoms of a recurrent attack are the same as acute tonsillitis:

Severe sore throat: Usually worse when swallowing.

Red, swollen tonsils: often with white or yellow spots (pus) on them.

Fever: High temperature (over 38°C or 100.4°F).

Swollen lymph nodes: Tender glands in the neck.

Bad breath (Halitosis).

Voice changes: A "hot potato" voice (muffled speaking).

🦠 Causes
The tonsils are the body's first line of defense against pathogens entering the mouth. In recurrent cases, they become a source of infection rather than a defense.

Bacteria: The most common bacterial cause is Group A Streptococcus ("Strep throat").

Viruses: Viruses (like the flu, adenovirus, or Epstein-Barr virus) cause the majority of tonsillitis cases.

Biofilms: In recurrent cases, bacteria can form a "biofilm" or hide deep within the pits (crypts) of the tonsils. These bacteria become resistant to antibiotics and flare up repeatedly.

⚠️ Complications
If left untreated or if it occurs frequently, it can lead to:

Peritonsillar Abscess (Quinsy): A painful collection of pus that forms between the tonsil and the wall of the throat.

Tonsilloliths (Tonsil Stones): Hard, calcified debris trapped in the tonsils, causing bad breath and discomfort.

Sleep Apnea: Chronically enlarged tonsils can block the airway during sleep, causing snoring and breathing pauses.

Rheumatic Fever: A rare but serious complication of untreated bacterial (Strep) tonsillitis that affects the heart.

19/11/2025

COPD stands for Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease. It is a chronic inflammatory lung disease that causes obstructed airflow from the lungs.

It is an "umbrella term" used to describe a group of progressive lung diseases, most notably Emphysema and Chronic Bronchitis. Most people with COPD have a combination of both conditions.

The Two Main Components
Emphysema:

This condition slowly destroys the air sacs (alveoli) in your lungs, which is where oxygen enters your blood.

The walls of the air sacs weaken and rupture, creating larger air spaces instead of many small ones. This reduces the surface area for gas exchange and causes old air to get trapped in the lungs, leaving no room for fresh, oxygen-rich air.

Chronic Bronchitis:

This is inflammation of the bronchial tubes, which carry air to and from your air sacs.

It causes a constant cough and heavy mucus (sputum) production. To be diagnosed, the cough must persist for at least three months a year for two consecutive years.

😮‍💨 Symptoms
Symptoms often don't appear until significant lung damage has already occurred, and they usually worsen over time.

Shortness of breath: Especially during physical activities.

Wheezing: A whistling sound when you breathe.

Chest tightness.

A chronic cough: Often called a "smoker's cough," which may produce clear, white, yellow, or greenish mucus.

Frequent respiratory infections: Like colds and the flu.

Lack of energy.

Cyanosis: Blueness of the lips or fingernail beds (due to low oxygen levels).

🚬 Causes
Smoking: Cigarette smoking is the leading cause of COPD. The more and longer you smoke, the higher the risk.

Environmental Exposure: Long-term exposure to lung irritants like secondhand smoke, air pollution, chemical fumes, and dusts in the workplace.

Genetics: A rare genetic disorder called Alpha-1 Antitrypsin Deficiency can cause COPD, even in people who have never smoked.

18/11/2025

Autism (ASD) and ADHD are two distinct neurodevelopmental conditions, but they frequently occur together and share some overlapping traits, which can sometimes make them difficult to tell apart.

Here’s a breakdown of each condition and how they compare.

🧠 What is ADHD?
ADHD (Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder) is primarily a condition affecting executive function—the brain's self-management system. Its core symptoms fall into three categories:

Inattention: Difficulty sustaining focus, being easily distracted, disorganization, and forgetfulness.

Hyperactivity: A feeling of internal restlessness, fidgeting, inability to stay seated, or talking excessively.

Impulsivity: Acting without thinking, interrupting others, and having trouble with self-control.

🧠 What is Autism?
Autism (Autism Spectrum Disorder, or ASD) is a condition that primarily affects social communication and sensory processing. Its two core characteristics are:

Challenges with Social Communication: Difficulty with "back-and-forth" conversation, trouble understanding non-verbal cues (like body language or tone of voice), and differences in developing and maintaining relationships.

Restricted and Repetitive Behaviors: This includes strong, focused interests (often called "special interests"), a deep need for routine and sameness, and repetitive body movements (like rocking or hand-flapping), known as stimming.

17/11/2025

Epilepsy is a chronic neurological disorder characterized by recurrent, unprovoked seizures. It's one of the most common neurological diseases globally.

A seizure is a sudden, uncontrolled burst of electrical activity in the brain. It temporarily disrupts how the brain cells communicate, leading to a wide range of symptoms.

Seizures: The Core Symptom
It's important to understand that having one seizure does not mean you have epilepsy. Epilepsy is diagnosed when a person has two or more unprovoked seizures (meaning they weren't caused by a temporary trigger like a high fever, low blood sugar, or alcohol withdrawal).

Seizures are broadly classified into two main groups:

1. Focal Seizures (Partial Seizures)
These seizures start in and affect only one part of the brain.

Simple Focal: The person remains aware during the seizure. Symptoms can be motor (e.g., twitching of a limb), sensory (e.g., strange smells or tastes), or emotional (e.g., sudden fear).

Complex Focal: The person has impaired awareness or loses consciousness. They may perform repetitive, purposeless actions like lip-smacking, rubbing hands, or walking in circles.

2. Generalized Seizures
These seizures involve both sides of the brain from the start.

Tonic-Clonic (formerly "Grand Mal"): This is the most well-known type. It involves a tonic phase (body stiffening, loss of consciousness) followed by a clonic phase (convulsive jerking of muscles).

Absence (formerly "Petit Mal"): Most common in children, this involves brief "staring spells" where the person suddenly stops all activity and appears to be daydreaming for a few seconds.

Atonic Seizures: Also called "drop attacks," causing a sudden loss of muscle tone, which makes the person fall down.

Causes
The cause is unknown in about half of all cases. In other cases, epilepsy can be linked to specific factors, including:

Genetics: Some types of epilepsy run in families.

Brain Injury: Traumatic brain injury (TBI) from an accident.

Brain Damage: From a stroke (a leading cause in older adults) or a brain tumor.

Infections: Diseases like meningitis or encephalitis.

Developmental Disorders: Such as autism.

14/11/2025

Diabetes (formally Diabetes Mellitus) is a chronic (long-term) health condition that affects how your body turns food into energy.

Your body breaks down most of the food you eat into sugar (glucose) and releases it into your bloodstream. When your blood sugar goes up, it signals your pancreas to release insulin. Insulin is a hormone that acts like a key, letting the blood sugar into your body's cells to be used for energy.

If you have diabetes, your body either doesn't make enough insulin or can't use the insulin it makes as well as it should. This causes too much sugar to stay in your bloodstream, which can lead to serious health problems over time.

The Main Types of Diabetes
1. Type 2 Diabetes
What it is: This is the most common type. Your body becomes insulin resistant, meaning the cells don't respond properly to insulin. Over time, your pancreas may also lose its ability to produce enough insulin.

Causes: Strongly linked to lifestyle factors like obesity, physical inactivity, and poor diet, as well as genetics and age.

Management: Often managed with lifestyle changes (diet, exercise), weight loss, oral medications, and sometimes insulin.

2. Type 1 Diabetes
What it is: An autoimmune disease where the body's immune system mistakenly attacks and destroys the insulin-producing cells in the pancreas.

Causes: The exact cause is unknown, but it's thought to be a combination of genetic and environmental factors. It is not caused by lifestyle.

Management: People with Type 1 diabetes must take insulin every day (via injections or an insulin pump) to survive.

3. Gestational Diabetes
What it is: High blood sugar that develops during pregnancy in women who did not already have diabetes.

Causes: Hormones from the pregnancy interfere with the mother's insulin.

Management: Usually managed with diet, exercise, and blood sugar monitoring. It typically goes away after the baby is born but increases the mother's risk of developing Type 2 diabetes later in life.

4. Prediabetes
What it is: A condition where blood sugar levels are higher than normal, but not high enough to be diagnosed as Type 2 diabetes.

Importance: This is a crucial warning sign. Without lifestyle c

13/11/2025

World Kindness day

Dr A.AMIN Homeopath

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