Registered Pharmacist Channel

08/12/2025

Understanding Tetralogy of Fallot🩺🧐👇

Tetralogy of Fallot (TOF) is a congenital (present at birth) heart defect that involves four structural abnormalities in the heart. It causes mixing of oxygen-poor and oxygen-rich blood, leading to cyanosis (bluish discoloration of skin, lips, and nails).

🛑The Four Defects in Tetralogy of Fallot
1. Ventricular Septal Defect (VSD)
• A hole between the right and left ventricles.
2. Pulmonary Stenosis (narrowing of the pulmonary valve or artery)
• Obstructs blood flow from the right ventricle to the lungs.
3. Overriding Aorta
• The aorta is positioned directly over the VSD, receiving blood from both ventricles.
4. Right Ventricular Hypertrophy (RVH)
• Thickening of the right ventricular muscle due to pumping against obstruction.

🛑Clinical Features

1. Cyanosis
• Blue lips, nails, and skin due to low oxygen levels.

2. “Tet Spells” (Hypercyanotic Episodes)

Triggered by crying, feeding, or stress. Symptoms:
• Sudden deep blue skin
• Rapid breathing
• Irritability or fainting
Cause: Increased right-to-left shunting.

3. Squatting Position

Children instinctively squat to increase systemic vascular resistance → improves oxygenation.

4. Poor feeding & failure to thrive

5. Clubbing of fingers and toes (chronic cyanosis)

🛑Diagnosis

Investigations
• Chest X-ray: “Boot-shaped heart” due to RVH
• ECG: Right ventricular hypertrophy
• Echocardiography: Confirms defects
• Pulse oximetry / ABG: Low oxygen saturation

🛑Management

1. Emergency Treatment for Tet Spell
• Knee-chest position
• O₂ therapy
• Morphine
• Beta-blockers (propranolol)
• IV fluids
• Sodium bicarbonate (if acidotic)

2.Definitive Treatment

✔ Corrective open-heart surgery
• Usually done at 3–6 months of age
• Involves closing the VSD and relieving pulmonary stenosis.

If severe cyanosis early in life:
• Temporary shunt surgery (e.g., Blalock–Taussig shunt)

🛑Prognosis
• After complete repair: Excellent survival and good quality of life
• Lifelong follow-up is necessary for:
• Pulmonary regurgitation
• Arrhythmias
• RV dysfunction

08/12/2025

Perfect guide for Neurological Assessment 🧠🧐🩺👇👇👇👇

08/12/2025

Tamarind could be the natural solution to flushing microplastics

A humble, centuries-old fruit helping your body fight one of the biggest hidden threats of modern life. Scientists have discovered that tamarind, long valued in traditional medicine and cuisine, may play a crucial role in removing microplastics from the bloodstream. These tiny plastic particles, invisible to the naked eye, have become nearly unavoidable in our food, water, and environment, and studies suggest they can accumulate in organs, potentially affecting our health over time.

Research now suggests that compounds found in tamarind can bind to these microplastics, helping the body naturally expel them before they cause harm. This remarkable discovery highlights how nature, often overlooked, might provide solutions to some of the most complex challenges of modern living. Unlike chemical treatments or invasive procedures, tamarind offers a gentle, food-based approach that works with the body’s natural detoxification processes.

The implications are profound. Microplastics are linked to inflammation, organ stress, and long-term health risks, yet incorporating tamarind into your diet could act as a protective measure. For centuries, humans have relied on this tangy fruit for digestion, immunity, and overall wellness, but now it may also become a key player in combating environmental toxins that were unimaginable to our ancestors.

This discovery also reminds us that ancient wisdom and modern science can intersect in surprising ways. Something as simple as a fruit on your kitchen shelf could help defend against the hidden dangers of industrial life. By embracing natural solutions alongside technological innovations, we may finally have tools to protect ourselves from the unseen pollutants that surround us.

Imagine a future where your daily diet doesn’t just nourish you but actively shields you from the silent threats in our world. Tamarind may just be the first step toward a cleaner, healthier, and more resilient body.

08/12/2025

08/12/2025

Understanding Unstable Angina (UA)🫀🧐🩺👇

Unstable angina is a type of Acute Coronary Syndrome (ACS) caused by reduced blood flow to the heart due to coronary artery obstruction, usually from a ruptured atherosclerotic plaque.

It is a medical emergency because it can progress to myocardial infarction (heart attack).

08/12/2025

07/12/2025

Understanding Hypertension 🫀🧐🩺👇

Hypertension (High Blood Pressure)

A chronic condition where the force of blood against the arterial walls is consistently high.

Diagnostic Levels (Adults)
• Normal: