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Dr Ayaz murtaza, Najibabad (2025)

05/01/2025

Pneumonia:
Overview
Pneumonia is an infection in one or both lungs. Bacteria, viruses, and fungi cause it.

The infection causes inflammation in the air sacs in your lungs, which are called alveoli. The alveoli fill with fluid or pus, making it difficult to breathe.

Read on to learn more about pneumonia and how to treat it.

Is pneumonia contagious?
The germs that cause pneumonia are contagious. This means they can spread from person to person.

Both viral and bacterial pneumonia can spread to others through inhalation of airborne droplets from a sneeze or cough. You can also get these types of pneumonia by coming into contact with surfaces or objects that are contaminated with pneumonia-causing bacteria or viruses.

You can contract fungal pneumonia from the environment. However, it doesn’t spread from person to person.

Symptoms of pneumonia
Pneumonia symptoms can be mild to life-threatening. They can include:

coughing that may produce phlegm (mucus)
fever
sweating or chills
shortness of breath that happens while doing normal activities or even while resting
chest pain that’s worse when you breathe or cough
feelings of tiredness or fatigue
loss of appetite
nausea or vomiting
headaches
Other symptoms can vary according to your age and general health:

Children under 5 years old may have fast breathing or wheezing.
Infants may appear to have no symptoms, but sometimes they may vomit, lack energy, or have trouble drinking or eating.
Older people may have milder symptoms. They can also exhibit confusion or a lower than normal body temperature.
Causes of pneumonia
There are several types of infectious agents that can cause pneumonia.

Bacterial pneumonia
The most common cause of bacterial pneumonia is Streptococcus pneumoniae. Other causes include:

Mycoplasma pneumoniae
Haemophilus influenzae
Legionella pneumophila
Viral pneumonia
Respiratory viruses are often the cause of pneumonia. Some examples include:

influenza (flu)
respiratory syncytial virus (RSV)
rhinoviruses (common cold)
Viral pneumonia is usually milder and can improve in one to three weeks without treatment.

Fungal pneumonia
Fungi from soil or bird droppings can cause pneumonia. They most often cause pneumonia in people with weakened immune systems. Examples of fungi that can cause pneumonia include:

Pneumocystis jirovecii
Cryptococcus species
Histoplasmosis species

Types of pneumonia
Pneumonia can also be classified according to where or how it was acquired.

Hospital-acquired pneumonia (HAP)
This type of bacterial pneumonia is acquired during a hospital stay. It can be more serious than other types, as the bacteria involved may be more resistant to antibiotics.

Community-acquired pneumonia (CAP)
Community-acquired pneumonia (CAP) refers to pneumonia that’s acquired outside of a medical or institutional setting.

Ventilator-associated pneumonia (VAP)
When people who are using a ventilator get pneumonia, it’s called VAP.

Aspiration pneumonia
Aspiration pneumonia happens when you inhale bacteria into your lungs from food, drink, or saliva. This type is more likely to occur if you have a swallowing problem or if you’re too sedate from the use of medications, alcohol, or other drugs.

Pneumonia treatment
Your treatment will depend on the type of pneumonia you have, how severe it is, and your general health.

Prescription medications
Your doctor may prescribe a medication to help treat your pneumonia. What you’re prescribed will depend on the specific cause of your pneumonia.

Oral antibiotics can treat most cases of bacterial pneumonia. Always take your entire course of antibiotics, even if you begin to feel better. Not doing so can prevent the infection from clearing, and it may be harder to treat in the future.

Antibiotic medications don’t work on viruses. In some cases, your doctor may prescribe an antiviral. However, many cases of viral pneumonia clear on their own with at-home care.

Antifungal medications are used to fight fungal pneumonia. You may have to take this medication for several weeks to clear the infection.

At-home care
Your doctor may also recommend over-the-counter (OTC) medication to relieve your pain and fever, as needed. These may include:

aspirin
ibuprofen (Advil, Motrin)
acetaminophen (Tylenol)
Your doctor may also recommend cough medicine to calm your cough so you can rest. Keep in mind coughing helps remove fluid from your lungs, so you don’t want to eliminate it entirely.

You can help your recovery and prevent a recurrence by getting a lot of rest and drinking plenty of fluids.

Hospitalization
If your symptoms are very severe or you have other health problems, you may need to be hospitalized. At the hospital, doctors can keep track of your heart rate, temperature, and breathing. Hospital treatment may include:

intravenous antibiotics injected into a vein
respiratory therapy, which involves delivering specific medications directly into the lungs or teaching you to perform breathing exercises to maximize your oxygenation
oxygen therapy to maintain oxygen levels in your bloodstream (received through a nasal tube, face mask, or ventilator, depending on severity)
Pneumonia risk factors
Anyone can get pneumonia, but certain groups do have a higher risk. These groups include:

infants from birth to 2 years old
people ages 65 years and older
people with weakened immune systems because of disease or use of medications, such as steroids or certain cancer drugs
people with certain chronic medical conditions, such as asthma, cystic fibrosis, diabetes, or heart failure
people who’ve recently had a respiratory infection, such as a cold or the flu
people who’ve been recently or are currently hospitalized, particularly if they were or are on a ventilator
people who’ve had a stroke, have problems swallowing, or have a condition that causes immobility
people who smoke, use certain types of drugs, or drink excessive amounts of alcohol
people who’ve been exposed to lung irritants, such as pollution, fumes, and certain chemicals
Pneumonia prevention
In many cases, pneumonia can be prevented.

Vaccination
The first line of defense against pneumonia is to get vaccinated. There are several vaccines that can help prevent pneumonia.

Prevnar 13 and Pneumovax 23

These two pneumonia vaccines help protect against pneumonia and meningitis caused by pneumococcal bacteria. Your doctor can tell you which one might be better for you.

Prevnar 13 is effective against 13 types of pneumococcal bacteria. The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) recommendsTrusted Source this vaccine for:

children under the age of 2
adults ages 65 years and older
people between ages 2 and 64 years with chronic conditions that increase their risk for pneumonia
Pneumovax 23 is effective against 23 types of pneumococcal bacteria. The CDC recommendsTrusted Source it for:

adults ages 65 years and older
adults ages 19 to 64 years who smoke
people between ages 2 and 64 years with chronic conditions that increase their risk for pneumonia
Flu vaccine

Pneumonia can often be a complication of the flu, so be sure to also get an annual flu shot. The CDC recommendsTrusted Source that everyone ages 6 months and older get vaccinated, particularly those who may be at risk for flu complications.

Hib vaccine

This vaccine protects against Haemophilus influenzae type b (Hib), a type of bacteria that can cause pneumonia and meningitis. The CDC recommendsTrusted Source this vaccine for:

all children under 5 years old
unvaccinated older children or adults who have certain health conditions
individuals who’ve gotten a bone marrow transplant
According to the National Institutes of Health (NIH)Trusted Source, pneumonia vaccines won’t prevent all cases of the condition. But if you’re vaccinated, you’re likely to have a milder and shorter illness as well as a lower risk for complications.

Other prevention tips
In addition to vaccination, there are other things you can to avoid pneumonia:

If you smoke, try to quit. Smoking makes you more susceptible to respiratory infections, especially pneumonia.
Regularly wash your hands with soap and water.
Cover your coughs and sneezes. Promptly dispose used tissues.
Maintain a healthy lifestyle to strengthen your immune system. Get enough rest, eat a healthy diet, and get regular exercise.
Together with vaccination and additional prevention steps, you can help reduce your risk for getting pneumonia. Here are even more prevention tips.

Pneumonia diagnosis
Your doctor will start by taking your medical history. They’ll ask you questions about when your symptoms first appeared and your health in general.

They’ll then give you a physical exam. This will include listening to your lungs with a stethoscope for any abnormal sounds, such as crackling. Depending on the severity of your symptoms and your risk for complications, your doctor may also order one or more of these tests:

Chest X-ray
An X-ray helps your doctor look for signs of inflammation in your chest. If inflammation is present, the X-ray can also inform your doctor about its location and extent.

Blood culture
This test uses a blood sample to confirm an infection. Culturing can also help identify what may be causing your condition.

Sputum culture
During a sputum culture, a sample of mucus is collected after you’ve coughed deeply. It’s then sent to a lab to be analyzed to identify the cause of the infection.

Pulse oximetry
A pulse oximetry measures the amount of oxygen in your blood. A sensor placed on one of your fingers can indicate whether your lungs are moving enough oxygen through your bloodstream.

CT scan
CT scans provide a clearer and more detailed picture of your lungs.

Fluid sample
If your doctor suspects there’s fluid in the pleural space of your chest, they may take a fluid sample using a needle placed between your ribs. This test can help identify the cause of your infection.

Bronchoscopy
A bronchoscopy looks into the airways in your lungs. It does this using a camera on the end of a flexible tube that’s gently guided down your throat and into your lungs. Your doctor may do this test if your initial symptoms are severe, or if you’re hospitalized and not responding well to antibiotics.

Walking pneumonia
Walking pneumonia is a milder case of pneumonia. People with walking pneumonia may not even know they have pneumonia, as their symptoms may feel more like a mild respiratory infection than pneumonia.

The symptoms of walking pneumonia can include things like:

mild fever
dry cough lasting longer than a week
chills
shortness of breath
chest pain
reduced appetite
Additionally, viruses and bacteria, like Streptococcus pneumoniae or Haemophilus influenzae, often cause pneumonia. However, in walking pneumonia, bacteria like Mycoplasma pneumoniae, Chlamydophilia pneumoniae, and Legionella pneumoniae cause the condition.

Despite being milder, walking pneumonia may require a longer recovery period than pneumonia.

Is pneumonia a virus?
Several different types of infectious agents can cause pneumonia. Viruses are just one of them. The others include bacteria and fungi.

Some examples of viral infections that can cause pneumonia include:

influenza (flu)
RSV infection
rhinoviruses (common cold)
human parainfluenza virus (HPIV) infection
human metapneumovirus (HMPV) infection
measles
chickenpox (varicella-zoster virus)
adenovirus infection
coronavirus infection
Although the symptoms of viral and bacterial pneumonia are very similar, cases of viral pneumonia are often milder than those of bacterial pneumonia. According to the NIHTrusted Source, people with viral pneumonia are at risk for developing bacterial pneumonia.

One big difference between viral and bacterial pneumonia is treatment. Viral infections don’t respond to antibiotics. Many cases of viral pneumonia may be treated with at-home care, although antivirals may sometimes be prescribed.

Pneumonia vs. bronchitis
Pneumonia and bronchitis are two different conditions. Pneumonia is an inflammation of the air sacs in your lungs. Bronchitis is the inflammation of your bronchial tubes. These are the tubes that lead from your windpipe into your lungs.

Infections cause both pneumonia and acute bronchitis. Additionally, persistent or chronic bronchitis can develop from inhaling pollutants, like cigarette smoke.

A viral or bacterial infection can lead to a bout of acute bronchitis. If the condition remains untreated, it can develop into pneumonia. Sometimes it’s hard to tell if this has happened. The symptoms of bronchitis and pneumonia are very similar.

If you have bronchitis, it’s important to get it treated to prevent developing pneumonia.

Pneumonia in kids
Pneumonia can be a rather common childhood condition. Researchers estimate there are 120 millionTrusted Source cases of pediatric pneumonia worldwide each year.

The causes of childhood pneumonia can vary by age. For example, pneumonia due to respiratory viruses, Streptococcus pneumoniae, and Haemophilus influenzae is more common in children under 5 years old.

Pneumonia due to Mycoplasma pneumoniae is frequently observed in children between the ages of 5 and 13. Mycoplasma pneumoniae is one of the causes of walking pneumonia. It’s a milder form of pneumonia.

See your pediatrician if you notice your child:

is having trouble breathing
lacks energy
has changes in appetite
Pneumonia can become dangerous quickly, particularly in young children. Here’s how to avoid complications.

Pneumonia home remedies
Although home remedies don’t actually treat pneumonia, there are some things you can do to help ease symptoms.

Coughing is one of the most common symptoms of pneumonia. Natural ways to relieve a cough include gargling salt water or drinking peppermint tea.

Things like OTC pain medication and cool compresses can work to relieve a fever. Drinking warm water or having a nice warm bowl of soup can help with chills. Here are six more home remedies to try.

Although home remedies can help ease symptoms, it’s important to stick to your treatment plan. Take any prescribed medications as directed.

Pneumonia recovery
Most people respond to treatment and recover from pneumonia. Like your treatment, your recovery time will depend on the type of pneumonia you have, how severe it is, and your general health.

A younger person may feel back to normal in a week after treatment. Others may take longer to recover and may have lingering fatigue. If your symptoms are severe, your recovery may take several weeks.

Consider taking these steps to aid in your recovery and help prevent complications from occurring:

Stick to the treatment plan your doctor has developed and take all medications as instructed.
Make sure to get plenty of rest to help your body fight the infection.
Drink plenty of fluids.
Ask your doctor when you should schedule a follow-up appointment. They may want to perform another chest X-ray to make sure your infection has cleared.

05/01/2025

Polio:
What is polio?
Polio (also known as poliomyelitis) is a highly contagious disease caused by a virus that attacks the nervous system. Children younger than 5 years old are more likely to contract the virus than any other group.

According to the World Health Organization (WHO), 1 in 200 polio infections will result in permanent paralysis. However, thanks to the global polio eradication initiative in 1988, the following regions are now certified polio-free:

Americas
Europe
Western Pacific
Southeast Asia
The polio vaccine was developed in 1953 and made available in 1957. Since then cases of polio have dropped in United States.

HealthGrove | Graphiq
But polio is still persistent in Afghanistan, Pakistan, and Nigeria. Eliminating polio will benefit the world in terms of health and economy. The eradication of polio can save at least $40–50 billion over the next 20 years.

What are the symptoms of polio?
It’s estimated that 95 to 99 percent of people who contract poliovirus are asymptomatic. This is known as subclinical polio. Even without symptoms, people infected with poliovirus can still spread the virus and cause infection in others.

Non-paralytic polio
Signs and symptoms of non-paralytic polio can last from one to 10 days. These signs and symptoms can be flu-like and can include:

fever
sore throat
headache
vomiting
fatigue
meningitis
Non-paralytic polio is also known as abortive polio.

Paralytic polio
About 1 percent of polio cases can develop into paralytic polio. Paralytic polio leads to paralysis in the spinal cord (spinal polio), brainstem (bulbar polio), or both (bulbospinal polio).

Initial symptoms are similar to non-paralytic polio. But after a week, more severe symptoms will appear. These symptoms include:

loss of reflexes
severe spasms and muscle pain
loose and floppy limbs, sometimes on just one side of the body
sudden paralysis, temporary or permanent
deformed limbs, especially the hips, ankles, and feet
It’s rare for full paralysis to develop. Less than 1 percentTrusted Source of all polio cases will result in permanent paralysis. In 5–10 percent of the polio paralysis cases, the virus will attack the muscles that help you breathe and cause death.

Post-polio syndrome
It’s possible for polio to return even after you’ve recovered. This can occur after 15 to 40 years. Common symptoms of post-polio syndrome (PPS) are:

continuing muscle and joint weakness
muscle pain that gets worse
becoming easily exhausted or fatigued
muscle wasting, also called muscle atrophy
trouble breathing and swallowing
sleep apnea, or sleep-related breathing problems
low tolerance of cold temperatures
new onset of weakness in previously uninvolved muscles
depression
trouble with concentration and memory
Talk to your doctor if you’ve had polio and are starting to see these symptoms. It’s estimated that 25 to 50 percent of people who survived polio will get PPS. PPS can’t be caught by others having this disorder. Treatment involves management strategies to improve your quality of life and reduce pain or fatigue.

How does the poliovirus infect someone?
As a highly contagious virus, polio transmits through contact with infected f***s. Objects like toys that have come near infected f***s can also transmit the virus. Sometimes it can transmit through a sneeze or a cough, as the virus lives in the throat and intestines. This is less common.

People living in areas with limited access to running water or flush toilets often contract polio from drinking water contaminated by infected human waste. According to the Mayo Clinic, the virus is so contagious that anyone living with someone who has the virus can catch it too.

Pregnant women, people with weakened immune systems — such as those who are HIV-positive — and young children are the most susceptible to the poliovirus.

If you have not been vaccinated, you can increase your risk of contracting polio when you:

travel to an area that has had a recent polio outbreak
take care of or live with someone infected with polio
handle a laboratory specimen of the virus
have your tonsils removed
have extreme stress or strenuous activity after exposure to the virus
How do doctors diagnose polio?
Your doctor will diagnose polio by looking at your symptoms. They’ll perform a physical examination and look for impaired reflexes, back and neck stiffness, or difficulty lifting your head while lying flat.

Labs will also test a sample of your throat, stool, or cerebrospinal fluid for the poliovirus.

How do doctors treat polio?
Doctors can only treat the symptoms while the infection runs its course. But since there’s no cure, the best way to treat polio is to prevent it with vaccinations.

The most common supportive treatments include:

bed rest
painkillers
antispasmodic drugs to relax muscles
antibiotics for urinary tract infections
portable ventilators to help with breathing
physical therapy or corrective braces to help with walking
heating pads or warm towels to ease muscle aches and spasms
physical therapy to treat pain in the affected muscles
physical therapy to address breathing and pulmonary problems
pulmonary rehabilitation to increase lung endurance
In advanced cases of leg weakness, you may need a wheelchair or other mobility device.

How to prevent polio
The best way to prevent polio is to get the vaccination. Children should get polio shots according to the vaccination schedule presented by the Centers for Disease Control and PreventionTrusted Source (CDC).

CDC vaccination schedule

Age
2 months One dose
4 months One dose
6 to 18 months One dose
4 to 6 years Booster dose
Polio vaccine prices for children
HealthGrove | Graphiq
On rare occasions these shots can cause mild or severe allergic reactions, such as:

breathing problems
high fever
dizziness
hives
swelling of throat
rapid heart rate
Adults in the United States aren’t at high risk for contracting polio. The greatest risk is when traveling to an area where polio is still common. Make sure to get a series of shots before you travel.

Polio vaccinations around the world
Overall, cases of polio have dropped by 99 percent. Only 74 cases were reported in 2015.

05/01/2025

Malaria:
Overview
Malaria is a disease caused by a parasite. The parasite is transmitted to humans through the bites of infected mosquitoes. People who have malaria usually feel very sick, with a high fever and shaking chills. Each year, approximately 210 million people are infected with malaria, and about 440,000 people die from the disease. Most of the people who die from the disease are young children in Africa.

While the disease is uncommon in temperate climates, malaria is still common in tropical and subtropical countries. World health officials are trying to reduce the incidence of malaria by distributing bed nets to help protect people from mosquito bites as they sleep. Scientists around the world are working to develop a vaccine to prevent malaria.

If you're traveling to locations where malaria is common, take steps to prevent mosquito bites by wearing protective clothing, using insect repellants and sleeping under treated mosquito nets. Depending on the area you are visiting and your individual risk factors for infection, you may also want to take preventive medicine before, during and after your trip. Many malaria parasites are now resistant to the most common drugs used to treat the disease.

Symptoms
A malaria infection is generally characterized by the following signs and symptoms:

Fever
Chills
Headache
Nausea and vomiting
Muscle pain and fatigue
Other signs and symptoms may include:

Sweating
Chest or abdominal pain
Cough
Some people who have malaria experience cycles of malaria "attacks." An attack usually starts with shivering and chills, followed by a high fever, followed by sweating and a return to normal temperature. Malaria signs and symptoms typically begin within a few weeks after being bitten by an infected mosquito. However, some types of malaria parasites can lie dormant in your body for up to a year.

When to see a doctor
Talk to your doctor if you experience a fever while living in or after traveling to a high-risk malaria region. The parasites that cause malaria can lie dormant in your body for up to a year. If you have severe symptoms, seek emergency medical attention.

Causes
Malaria is caused by a type of microscopic parasite. The parasite is transmitted to humans most commonly through mosquito bites.

Mosquito transmission cycle
Uninfected mosquito. A mosquito becomes infected by feeding on a person who has malaria.
Transmission of parasite. If this mosquito bites you in the future, it can transmit malaria parasites to you.
In the liver. Once the parasites enter your body, they travel to your liver — where some types can lie dormant for as long as a year.
Into the bloodstream. When the parasites mature, they leave the liver and infect your red blood cells. This is when people typically develop malaria symptoms.
On to the next person. If an uninfected mosquito bites you at this point in the cycle, it will become infected with your malaria parasites and can spread them to the other people it bites.
Other modes of transmission
Because the parasites that cause malaria affect red blood cells, people can also catch malaria from exposure to infected blood, including:

From mother to unborn child
Through blood transfusions
By sharing needles used to inject drugs
Risk factors
The biggest risk factor for developing malaria is to live in or to visit areas where the disease is common. There are many different varieties of malaria parasites. The variety that causes the most serious complications is most commonly found in:

African countries south of the Sahara Desert
The Asian subcontinent
New Guinea, the Dominican Republic and Haiti
Risks of more-severe disease
People at increased risk of serious disease include:

Young children and infants
Older adults
Travelers coming from areas with no malaria
Pregnant women and their unborn children
Poverty, lack of knowledge, and little or no access to health care also contribute to malaria deaths worldwide.

Immunity can wane
Residents of a malaria region may be exposed to the disease so frequently that they acquire a partial immunity, which can lessen the severity of malaria symptoms. However, this partial immunity can disappear if you move to a country where you're no longer frequently exposed to the parasite.

Complications
Malaria can be fatal, particularly malaria caused by the variety of parasite that's common in tropical parts of Africa. The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention estimates that 91 percent of all malaria deaths occur in Africa — most commonly in children under the age of 5.

In most cases, malaria deaths are related to one or more serious complications, including:

Cerebral malaria. If parasite-filled blood cells block small blood vessels to your brain (cerebral malaria), swelling of your brain or brain damage may occur. Cerebral malaria may cause seizures and coma.
Breathing problems. Accumulated fluid in your lungs (pulmonary edema) can make it difficult to breathe.
Organ failure. Malaria can cause your kidneys or liver to fail, or your spleen to rupture. Any of these conditions can be life-threatening.
Anemia. Malaria damages red blood cells, which can result in anemia.
Low blood sugar. Severe forms of malaria itself can cause low blood sugar (hypoglycemia), as can quinine — one of the most common medications used to combat malaria. Very low blood sugar can result in coma or death.
Malaria may recur
Some varieties of the malaria parasite, which typically cause milder forms of the disease, can persist for years and cause relapses.

Prevention
If you live in or are traveling to an area where malaria is common, take steps to avoid mosquito bites. Mosquitoes are most active between dusk and dawn. To protect yourself from mosquito bites, you should:

Cover your skin. Wear pants and long-sleeved shirts.
Apply insect repellant to skin and clothing. Sprays containing DEET can be used on skin and sprays containing permethrin are safe to apply to clothing.
Sleep under a net. Bed nets, particularly those treated with insecticide, help prevent mosquito bites while you are sleeping.
Preventive medicine
If you're going to be traveling to a location where malaria is common, talk to your doctor a few months ahead of time about whether you should take drugs before, during and after your trip to help protect you from malaria parasites.

In general, the drugs taken to prevent malaria are the same drugs used to treat the disease. Your doctor needs to know when and where you'll be traveling so that he or she can help you evaluate your risk for infection and, if necessary, prescribe the drug that will work best on the type of malaria parasite most commonly found in that region.

No vaccine yet
Scientists around the world are trying to develop a safe and effective vaccine for malaria. As of yet, however, there is still no malaria vaccine approved for human use.

The Mayo Clinic experience and patient stories
Our patients tell us that the quality of their interactions, our attention to detail and the efficiency of their visits mean health care like they've never experienced. See the stories of satisfied Mayo Clinic patients.

Diagnosis
To diagnose malaria, your doctor will likely review your medical history, conduct a physical exam and order blood tests. Blood tests are the only way to confirm a malaria diagnosis. Certain blood tests can help your doctor by showing:

The presence of the parasite in the blood, to confirm that you have malaria
Which type of malaria parasite is causing your symptoms
If your infection is caused by a parasite resistant to certain drugs

Other blood tests help determine whether the disease is causing any serious complications.

Some blood tests can take several days to complete, while others can produce results in less than 15 minutes.

Treatment
Malaria is treated with prescription drugs to kill the parasite. The types of drugs and the length of treatment will vary, depending on:

Which type of malaria parasite you have
The severity of your symptoms
Your age
Whether you're pregnant
Medication
The most common antimalarial drugs include:

Artemisinin-based combination therapies (ACTs). ACTs are, in many cases, the first line treatment for malaria. There are several different types of ACTs. Examples include artemether-lumefantrine (Coartem) and artesunate-amodiaquine. Each ACT is a combination of two or more drugs that work against the malaria parasite in different ways.
Chloroquine phosphate. Chloroquine is the preferred treatment for any parasite that is sensitive to the drug. But in many parts of the world, the parasites that cause malaria are resistant to chloroquine, and the drug is no longer an effective treatment.
Other common antimalarial drugs include:

Combination of atovaquone and proguanil (Malarone)
Quinine sulfate (Qualaquin) with doxycycline (Vibramycin, Monodox, others)
Mefloquine
Primaquine phosphate
Possible future treatments
New antimalarial drugs are being researched and developed. Malaria treatment is marked by a constant struggle between evolving drug-resistant parasites and the search for new drug formulations. For example, one variety of the malaria parasite has demonstrated resistance to nearly all of the available antimalarial drugs.

Preparing for your appointment
If you suspect you have malaria or that you've been exposed, you're likely to start by seeing your family doctor. However, in some cases when you call to set up an appointment, you may be referred to an infectious disease specialist. If you have severe symptoms — especially during or after travel in an area where malaria is common — seek emergency medical attention.

What you can do
Before your appointment, you might want to write a list that answers the following questions:

What are your symptoms, and when did they start?
Have you recently traveled to or moved from a region in which malaria is common?
Have you ever had malaria before?
What types of medications and supplements do you take?
What to expect from your doctor
During the physical exam, your doctor may review your medical history, listen to your breathing, check your spleen and neurological functions, and look for other

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Dr Ayaz murtaza

05/01/2025

05/01/2025

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