Graduate Optometrists Association Kerala

09/10/2025

World sight day 2025

01/10/2025

Grades of Corneal Opacities
1. Nebula
• Appearance: Faint, hazy opacity of the cornea.
• Effect on vision: Minimal to mild; pupil details are still visible through it.
• Cause: Usually superficial scarring.
2. Macula
• Appearance: Moderately dense opacity.
• Effect on vision: Moderate reduction in vision; pupil details may be blurred or not clearly visible.
• Cause: Deeper stromal involvement, usually after keratitis or trauma.
3. Leucoma
• Appearance: Dense white opacity.
• Effect on vision: Severe visual impairment; pupil details not visible.
• Cause: Full-thickness corneal scarring.
• Variants:
• Adherent leucoma – opacity adherent to iris due to perforated ulcer.
• Total leucoma – whole cornea opaque.

04/08/2025

The cranial nerves are 12 pairs of nerves that arise directly from the brain (not the spinal cord) and primarily serve the head and neck regions. Each has a specific function related to sensation, motor control, or both.

26/07/2025