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MBBS study, Srinagar (2025)

02/12/2025

Actinomycin-D (Dactinomycin) is a powerful antitumor antibiotic used widely in pediatric and adult oncology.
It works by intercalating into DNA and blocking RNA polymerase, which stops transcription and prevents cancer cells from making essential proteins. Because of this strong mechanism, it is a key part of treatment protocols for Wilms tumor, rhabdomyosarcoma, Ewing sarcoma, and gestational trophoblastic neoplasia (GTN).

It must be used with caution due to significant toxicities such as myelosuppression, mucositis, hepatotoxicity, and the risk of veno-occlusive disease (VOD) in children.
As it is a vesicant, extravasation can cause severe tissue necrosis, so central-line administration is preferred.

Disclaimer: This post is for medical education only and not a substitute for professional medical advice.

If any misprint, please comment below.

02/12/2025

Daunorubicin is a key anthracycline chemotherapy drug widely used in the treatment of Acute Myeloid Leukemia (AML) and Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia (ALL).
It works by intercalating into DNA, inhibiting Topoisomerase II, and generating free radicals—ultimately causing DNA damage and apoptosis of rapidly dividing cancer cells.

🔬 Mechanism of Action (MOA)
• Intercalates into DNA
• Inhibits Topoisomerase II → DNA strand breaks
• Generates free radicals → oxidative damage
• Inhibits DNA & RNA synthesis
• Induces apoptosis

🎯 Indications
• AML (7+3 regimen with cytarabine)
• ALL (adult & pediatric protocols)
• Anthracycline-based combination regimens

💉 Dosage

Adults:
• AML: 60–90 mg/m² IV on Days 1–3
• ALL: 25–45 mg/m² IV weekly
• Adjust dose in hepatic impairment

Pediatrics:
• AML: 30–45 mg/m² IV on Days 1–3
• ALL: 25–30 mg/m² IV weekly

Maximum lifetime cumulative dose:
➡️ ≤ 550 mg/m² (due to cardiotoxicity risk)

⚠️ Side Effects

Common:
• Myelosuppression
• Mucositis
• Nausea, vomiting
• Alopecia
• Red-orange urine

Serious:
• Cardiotoxicity (dose-dependent)
• Heart failure
• Arrhythmias
• Severe neutropenia
• Extravasation necrosis
• Hepatotoxicity

⛔ Contraindications
• Severe pre-existing cardiac dysfunction
• Exceeded cumulative anthracycline dose
• Severe hepatic impairment
• Hypersensitivity

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⚠️ Disclaimer

This post is for medical education only.
Not a substitute for professional medical advice.
Drug usage should always follow specialist guidance and institutional protocols.

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01/12/2025

Topotecan is a topoisomerase I inhibitor used in the treatment of ovarian cancer, small cell lung cancer (SCLC), and cervical cancer. It works by blocking DNA repair, leading to cancer cell death.
This post covers its class, mechanism, indications, adult & pediatric dosing, side effects, and contraindications in a clean infographic-ready format — perfect for quick revision and clinical reference.

Disclaimer: For medical professionals & students. Not a substitute for clinical judgment. Doses must be adjusted based on patient factors and guidelines.
If any misprint, please comment below.

01/12/2025

Irinotecan is a Topoisomerase I inhibitor widely used in colorectal, gastric, and other solid tumors. It converts to the active metabolite SN-38, which blocks DNA repair during the S-phase, causing cancer cell death.
A key hallmark toxicity is severe diarrhea, which may be early (cholinergic) or late (life-threatening).
Dose adjustments are essential in UGT1A1*28 mutation, hepatic dysfunction, and neutropenia.

Disclaimer: This post is for medical education only. Treatment should always follow oncology protocols and specialist supervision.

If any misprint, please comment below.

$📘 TENIPOSIDE — Complete Drug Summary (Easy Explanation)Teniposide is a chemotherapy medicine used mainly in refractory A...$

30/11/2025

📘 TENIPOSIDE — Complete Drug Summary (Easy Explanation)

Teniposide is a chemotherapy medicine used mainly in refractory Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia (ALL) in children. It belongs to the Topoisomerase II inhibitor group and works by blocking DNA replication, which stops cancer cells from multiplying.

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🔹 Class
• Antineoplastic agent
• Topoisomerase II inhibitor
• Epipodophyllotoxin derivative

🔹 Subclass
• Semi-synthetic podophyllotoxin derivative
• Acts in S-phase & G2 phase

🔹 Mechanism of Action (MOA)
• Inhibits Topoisomerase II
• Causes DNA strand breaks
• Stops DNA replication → cancer cell death

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🔹 Indications

Main:
• Refractory Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia (ALL)

Others:
• Certain Non-Hodgkin lymphomas
• Neuroblastoma (less common)
• Used in some relapsed malignancy protocols

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🔹 Dosage

Pediatrics:
• 165 mg/m² IV over 30–60 min
• Daily × 5 days
• Repeat every 3–4 weeks

Adults:
• 50–100 mg/m² IV 1–5 days per cycle
• Cycle every 3–4 weeks

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🔹 Side Effects
• Myelosuppression (dose-limiting)
• Neutropenia, thrombocytopenia
• Nausea, vomiting
• Alopecia
• Hypersensitivity reactions (Cremophor EL)
• Hypotension during infusion
• Rare: Secondary leukemia, TLS

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🔹 Contraindications
• Severe bone marrow suppression
• Uncontrolled infections
• Hypersensitivity to podophyllotoxins / Cremophor EL
• Pregnancy (D)
• Severe hepatic dysfunction

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⚠️ Disclaimer

This post is for educational purposes only.
Consult specialists/pharmacology references for clinical decision-making.

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If any misprint, please comment below.

30/11/2025

Etoposide is a widely used chemotherapy drug belonging to the Topoisomerase II inhibitor class. It works by preventing DNA repair in rapidly dividing cancer cells, ultimately causing cell death.
It is commonly used in small cell lung cancer, testicular cancer, lymphomas, and pediatric solid tumors like neuroblastoma and Ewing sarcoma.

🔬 Mechanism of Action (MOA)
• Inhibits Topoisomerase II
• Causes double-stranded DNA breaks
• Leads to apoptosis
• Active mainly in late S-phase & G2-phase

🩺 Indications
• Small Cell Lung Cancer (SCLC)
• Testicular cancer (with cisplatin & bleomycin)
• Hodgkin & Non-Hodgkin Lymphoma
• Acute leukemias
• Neuroblastoma
• Ewing sarcoma
• HSCT conditioning regimens

💊 Dosage

Adults
• IV: 50–100 mg/m²/day × 5 days
• Oral: 2× IV dose (low oral bioavailability)

Pediatrics
• 150 mg/m²/day × 2–3 days or
• 100 mg/m²/day × 5 days

(Always protocol-based & renal-adjusted.)

⚠️ Side Effects

Common: Myelosuppression, nausea, vomiting, alopecia, mucositis
Serious: Secondary AML, hepatotoxicity, anaphylaxis, severe neutropenia

🚫 Contraindications
• Severe bone marrow suppression
• Active infections
• Pregnancy
• Severe liver/kidney dysfunction

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📌 Disclaimer

This post is for educational purposes only. Always follow hospital protocols and consult oncology specialists before using any chemotherapy drug.

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If any misprint, please comment below.

30/11/2025

📘 PACLITAXEL – Complete Drug Overview |

Paclitaxel is a powerful antineoplastic (chemotherapy) drug used extensively in the treatment of solid tumors. It works by stabilizing microtubules, preventing their breakdown, and stopping cancer cells from dividing.
It is especially useful in breast cancer, ovarian cancer, NSCLC, cervical cancer, and selected gastrointestinal cancers.

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🔍 Class
• Antineoplastic agent
• Antimicrotubule agent

🔬 Subclass
• Taxane
• Microtubule stabilizer

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⚙️ Mechanism of Action (MOA)

Paclitaxel:
✔ Promotes microtubule polymerization
✔ Blocks depolymerization → microtubules become rigid
✔ Causes G₂/M phase cell cycle arrest
✔ Leads to apoptosis of rapidly dividing cancer cells

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🩺 Indications
• Breast cancer
• Ovarian cancer
• Non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC)
• Kaposi sarcoma
• Cervical cancer
• Esophageal & gastric cancers (selected protocols)
• Bladder and prostate cancers (off-label)

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💉 Dosage (General Oncology Protocols)

Adults:
• NSCLC: 175 mg/m² IV over 3 hours every 3 weeks
• Breast cancer: 80 mg/m² weekly OR 175 mg/m² q3 weeks
• Ovarian cancer: 175 mg/m² IV q3 weeks + cisplatin
• Kaposi sarcoma: 135–155 mg/m² q3 weeks

Pediatrics:
• 100–150 mg/m² IV q3 weeks (protocol dependent; limited pediatric use)

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⚠️ Side Effects

Common:
• Peripheral neuropathy (dose-limiting)
• Neutropenia
• Alopecia
• Arthralgia/myalgia
• Nausea, vomiting
• Mucositis

Serious:
• Hypersensitivity reactions (Cremophor EL)
• Arrhythmias, bradycardia
• Hepatotoxicity

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🚫 Contraindications
• Severe hypersensitivity to paclitaxel/Cremophor EL
• Baseline neutropenia

30/11/2025

📘 DOCETAXEL – Complete Clinical Overview (For Doctors & Students)

Docetaxel is a Taxane-class antineoplastic chemotherapy drug widely used in solid tumors like breast cancer, NSCLC, prostate cancer, gastric cancer, ovarian cancer, and head & neck malignancies.
It works by stabilizing microtubules, preventing their depolymerization, and causing M-phase arrest, ultimately leading to apoptosis of rapidly dividing cancer cells.

🔹 Mechanism of Action
• Promotes microtubule assembly
• Inhibits microtubule disassembly
• Arrests cells in M phase
• Causes programmed cell death

🔹 Indications
• Metastatic & adjuvant breast cancer
• NSCLC
• Prostate cancer (with Prednisone)
• Gastric carcinoma
• Head & neck cancers
• Ovarian cancer (off-label)
• Kaposi sarcoma (off-label)

🔹 Dosage
• 60–100 mg/m² IV over 1 hour q3 weeks
• Prostate cancer: 75 mg/m² q3 weeks + Prednisone 5 mg BID
• Premedication mandatory:
Dexamethasone 8 mg PO BD × 3 days (starts 24 hrs before infusion)

🔹 Side Effects
• Neutropenia (dose-limiting)
• Hypersensitivity reactions
• Fluid retention
• Peripheral neuropathy
• Mucositis
• Alopecia
• Hepatotoxicity
• Severe skin toxicity

🔹 Contraindications
• Neutrophils

29/11/2025

Vinblastine is a vinca alkaloid chemotherapy drug widely used in oncology, especially in lymphomas and testicular cancer.
It works by inhibiting microtubule formation, arresting cells in metaphase, and causing apoptosis of rapidly dividing malignant cells.

🔹 Class: Antineoplastic, Vinca alkaloid
🔹 Subclass: Mitotic inhibitor
🔹 MOA: Binds tubulin → prevents polymerization → metaphase arrest
🔹 Indications: Hodgkin lymphoma, Non-Hodgkin lymphoma, Testicular CA, Kaposi sarcoma, Choriocarcinoma, Langerhans cell histiocytosis
🔹 Dosage: Adults & Pediatrics – usually 6 mg/m² IV every 1–2 weeks (protocol-specific)
🔹 Side Effects: Myelosuppression, mucositis, nausea/vomiting, alopecia, SIADH
🔹 Contraindications: Severe bone marrow suppression, hypersensitivity, pregnancy (Category D)

This drug has higher myelotoxicity and lower neurotoxicity than Vincristine—important for regimen selection in oncology protocols.

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⚠️ Disclaimer

This post is for educational purposes only.
Not a substitute for professional medical advice.
Dose and protocol must always follow oncology guidelines and the treating physician’s decision.

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If any misprint, please comment below.

28/11/2025

Vincristine is a key chemotherapeutic drug from the Vinca alkaloid class, widely used in pediatric and adult oncology. It works by inhibiting microtubule formation, arresting cancer cells in the M phase and inducing apoptosis.
It is commonly used in ALL, lymphomas, Wilms tumor, neuroblastoma, and other solid tumors.
Important point: Vincristine has minimal myelosuppression but significant neurotoxicity, so the maximum weekly dose should never exceed 2 mg.

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Disclaimer

This post is for educational purposes only and should not be used as medical advice for patient treatment.

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Note

If any misprint, please comment below.

28/11/2025

📘 VINORELBINE – Complete Drug Overview (Easy Explanation)

Vinorelbine is a semi-synthetic vinca alkaloid used mainly in lung cancer and breast cancer treatment.
It works by blocking microtubule formation, stopping cancer cells from dividing and forcing them into apoptosis.

🧬 CLASS & SUBCLASS
• Antineoplastic drug
• Vinca alkaloid
• Semi-synthetic derivative of Vinca rosea

⚙️ MECHANISM OF ACTION
• Binds to β-tubulin
• Prevents microtubule polymerization
• Arrests cells in metaphase → cell death
• More selective for mitotic spindle than vincristine

🎯 INDICATIONS
• Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer (NSCLC)
• Breast cancer (metastatic/recurrent)
• Ovarian cancer (off-label)
• Hodgkin & Non-Hodgkin lymphoma (off-label)
• Prostate cancer (off-label)

💉 DOSAGE

Adults:
• 25–30 mg/m² IV once weekly
• With Cisplatin: 25 mg/m² IV on Day 1 & 8 of a 21-day cycle
• Adjust dose in hepatic impairment

Pediatrics:
• Not routinely recommended; used only in research protocols.

⚠️ SIDE EFFECTS
• Myelosuppression (dose-limiting)
• Neutropenia
• Anemia, thrombocytopenia
• Peripheral neuropathy
• Nausea, vomiting, constipation
• Injection-site pain
• Mild alopecia
• Elevated LFTs

⛔ CONTRAINDICATIONS
• Severe neutropenia
• Severe hepatic dysfunction
• Hypersensitivity to vinca alkaloids
• Pregnancy & breastfeeding (teratogenic)

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DISCLAIMER

This content is for medical education only.
Not a substitute for professional medical advice.
Dose adjustments must follow institutional protocols.

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If any misprint, please comment below.

28/11/2025

📌 Fludarabine – Complete Drug Overview (MBBS study)

Fludarabine is a purine analog antimetabolite commonly used in hematology and oncology. It inhibits DNA synthesis by blocking DNA polymerase, ribonucleotide reductase, and DNA primase, ultimately causing apoptosis of rapidly dividing malignant cells. It also has strong T-cell–suppressive immunosuppressive action, making patients prone to infections.

🔹 Class
• Antimetabolite
• Purine analog

🔹 Mechanism of Action
• Converts to active metabolite F-ara-ATP
• Inhibits DNA polymerase, ribonucleotide reductase & primase
• Blocks DNA synthesis → chain termination
• Strong immunosuppression (T-cell)

🔹 Indications
• Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia (CLL)
• Low-grade Non-Hodgkin Lymphoma
• Hairy Cell Leukemia
• Conditioning in HSCT (Flu/Cy regimen)
• Autoimmune hemolytic anemia (off-label)

🔹 Dosage

Adults:
✔️ 25 mg/m² IV daily × 5 days (repeat every 28 days)
HSCT conditioning:
✔️ 30–40 mg/m²/day for 3–5 days

Pediatrics:
✔️ Used mainly in HSCT protocols: 30 mg/m²/day × 3–4 days
⚠️ Requires very close monitoring.

🔹 Side Effects
• Severe myelosuppression
• Opportunistic infections (P*P, CMV, fungal)
• Neurotoxicity: seizures, encephalopathy
• Tumor lysis syndrome
• Autoimmune hemolytic anemia
• Fever, nausea, vomiting
• Secondary malignancy risk

🔹 Contraindications
• Renal failure (CrCl < 30 ml/min)
• Active severe infections
• Pregnancy & lactation
• Hypersensitivity
• Live vaccines (avoid)

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⚠️ Disclaimer

This post is for medical education only.
Not a substitute for clinical judgment.
Always follow institutional protocols and consult senior clinicians.

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If any misprint, please comment below.

MBBS study

02/12/2025

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