International Journal of Green and Herbal Chemistry

29/08/2016

Section B: HERBAL CHEMISTRY Vol. 5 Issue 3.

Title: Application of Non-Aqueous Titration Method for Estimation of Arginine in Phytonutraceutical Tablet Formulation
Authors: R. Rane*, R. Shelar, D. Hattangadi, S. Kundalwal, C. Chotalia and A. Suthar
Abstract: L-Arginine is a semi essential amino acid. Even if it is normally synthesized in the body, supplementations are required in certain conditions. It is required for various functions in the body. Hence it is essential to evaluate its concentration in the formulation by suitable method.
Two types of Tablet formulations viz. Female Aphrodisiac (FSF)-1 and Male Aphrodisiac (MSF)-1 were prepared, using 600mg L-Arginine hydrochloride each and other ingredients. Both the formulations were subjected to quality evaluation. Presence of all ingredients was confirmed by HPTLC, however, quantification of Arginine, was carried out by applying simple and easiest “Non aqueous titration method”. Quantification of L-Arginine hydrochloride and L-Arginine was carried out in API i.e. in authenticated raw materials, in granules as well as in corresponding tablet formulations viz. FSF-1 and MSF-1.
L-Arginine hydrochloride was found to be more than 99% in both raw materials (API). In granules of FSF-1 and MSF-1 analytical findings were 59.747% and 56.378% respectively. In corresponding tablet formulations, observed values were more than 100% of theoretical expected value.
Non aqueous titration method was found to be suitable for quantification of L-Arginine hydrochloride and can be used for controlling the quality of the tablet formulation.

http://www.ijghc.com/download_frontend.php?id=142&table=Herbal%20Chemistry

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29/08/2016

Section B: HERBAL CHEMISTRY Vol. 5 Issue 3.

Title: Effect of Cadmium Chloride on Histoarchiteceture of Kidney of Fresh Water Fish Heteropneustes Fossilis and Recovery of Damaged Tissue by Herbal Compound Ashwagandha
Authors: B. Nagar, R. S. Sisodia and L. Bhattacharya
Abstract: The present study was conducted to investigate the effect of cadmium chloride on histoarchiteceture of kidney of fresh water fish Heteropneustes fossilis. The fish were exposed to o.5 ppm of cadmium chloride for 21 days. The most remarkable changes in kidney due to cadmium chloride were loosening of haemopoietic tissue; uriniferous tubules have lost their original appearance, narrowing of renal tubules and damaged glomeruli. Their size was significant at (P

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29/08/2016

Section B: HERBAL CHEMISTRY Vol. 5 Issue 3.

Title: In Vitro Antioxidant Activity of Aqueous and Alcoholic Extracts of Polyherbal Rejuvenator Formulation Assessed in Free Radical Scavenging Assays
Authors: M. Gupta, N. Karmakar, S. Sasmal, S. Chowdhury and S. Biswas
Abstract: The present study evaluates the in vitro antioxidant free radical scavenging capacities of aqueous and alcoholic extracts of a herbal rejuvenator drug prepared by adding equal amounts of dried roots of Sida cordifolia and Glycyrrhiza glabra because these two medicinal plants have been used since ancient times in the Ayurvedic system of medicine and elaborated in its ancient texts such as Charak Samhita (Chikitsa Sthanam). Phytochemical analysis indicated the presence of flavonoids, tannins, carbohydrates and saponins. The total phenolic content of the alcoholic extract and the aqueous extract was found as 26.50 and 28.60 Gallic acid equivalents/mg while the total flavonoid content was assessed as 85.91 and 80.31 Quercetin equivalents/mg respectively. IC50 (µg/ml) of alcoholic, aqueous extract and Ascorbic acid was found to be 57.027±5.200, 44.507±1.252 and 17.48±1.356 in Hydrogen Peroxide Radical Scavenging, 0.823±0.033, 0.745±0.075 and 0.722±0.090 in DPPH radical scavenging and 232±15.163, 179±53.894 and 6.627±0.061 during FRAP essay. Similarly, during ABTS radical scavenging, IC50 (µg/ml) was assessed as 332.960±2.177, 162.155±9.736 and 6.779±0.167 for alcoholic, aqueous extract and Trolox respectively. While both the extracts showed substantial and significant free radical scavenging activity during the study which is compared to that of the standard drug, the aqueous extract of the herbal rejuvenator research drug exhibits higher in vitro antioxidant activity than the alcoholic extract possibly due to higher concentrations of phenolic compound in it, validating and confirming therapeutic properties ascribed to it in Ayurvedic texts.

http://www.ijghc.com/download_frontend.php?id=140&table=Herbal%20Chemistry

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29/08/2016

Section B: HERBAL CHEMISTRY Vol. 5 Issue 3.

Title: Antidiabetic Herbs and their Marketed Formulations
Authors: Priya Patiyal, Nisha Thakur and Sumit Summy
Abstract: Diabetes Mellitus is one of the fast growing metabolic disorders affecting people globally. The present paper reviews on natural herbal plants (with their botanical name, common name, constituent, mechanism of action and their pharmacological test results) and marketed polyherbal formulations. The effects of these plants may delay the development of diabetic complications and correct the metabolic abnormalities. In recent years; considerable attention has been directed towards identification of plants with antidiabetic ability that may be used for human consumption.

http://www.ijghc.com/download_frontend.php?id=139&table=Herbal%20Chemistry

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29/08/2016

Section B: HERBAL CHEMISTRY Vol. 5 Issue 3.

Title: Antiproliferative Activity of Methanolic Root Extract of Withania somnifera against MCF-7, HCT-15, U373-MG and OVKAR-3 Cell Lines
Authors: R. A. Shah, S. Khan and M. Vakil
Abstract: An anticancer activity of methanolic root extract of Withania somnifera collected from four different regions of India were screened in vitro by SRB method on four Human cell lines viz.U373-MG, MCF- 7, HCF-15, OVKAR-3. Plants growing under different agroclimatic condition often show qualitative and quantitative variations in their phytoconstituents. The methanolic roots crude extract were compared with two known steroidal lactones i.e. Withaferin-A and Withanolide-A which are known to be therapeutically active. For the screening of anticancer activity, LC50, TGI, GI50 were considered. The results obtained reveal that standard Withaferin-A had high potency towards the entire studied cell lines tested whereas Withanolide -A, did not show anticancer activity against any cell line. Among the studied samples viz. WsK, WsN, WsM and WsL, only WsK showed potency towards breast cancer cell line (MCF-7) at a concentration of 16.8 µg/ml.

http://www.ijghc.com/download_frontend.php?id=138&table=Herbal%20Chemistry

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29/08/2016

Section B: HERBAL CHEMISTRY Vol. 5 Issue 3.

Title: Pharmacognostic Study and Development of Quality Control Parameters for Fruit of Zanthoxylumrhetsa (Roxb) DC (Rutaceae)
Authors: Alphonso Priya, Satish. A. Bhalerao and Saraf Aparna
Abstract:
Context: Zanthoxylumrhetsa (Roxb) DC (Rutaceae) fruit is used in traditional systems.
Aim: To lay down the various pharmacognostic and phytochemical standards which will help to ensure the purity, safety, and efficacy of Zanthoxylumrhetsa (Roxb) DC (Rutaceae).
Materials and Methods: macroscopic, microscopic, physicochemical, and phytochemical methods were applied to determine the diagnostic features for the identification and standardization of intact and powdered drug of Zanthoxylumrhetsa (Roxb) DC (Rutaceae) fruit.
Results: The shape, size, colour, odour, surface characteristics were determined for the Zanthoxylumrhetsa (Roxb) DC (Rutaceae) fruit. Scanning electron microscopy images powder of revealed useful diagnostic features.
Conclusion: The data generated from this study would be of help in the authentication of Zanthoxylumrhetsa (Roxb) DC (Rutaceae) fruit as an important constituent of various herbal drug formulations. The qualitative and quantitative microscopic features would prove useful for laying down pharmacopoeial standards. Morphology as well as various pharmacognostic aspects of Zanthoxylumrhetsa (Roxb)DC (Rutaceae) fruit were studied and have been described here along with phytochemical, physicochemical studies, which will help in authentication and quality control.

http://www.ijghc.com/download_frontend.php?id=137&table=Herbal%20Chemistry

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29/08/2016

Section A: GREEN CHEMISTRY: Vol. 5 Issue 3

Title: Synthesis and Characterization of New Azo Compounds from Substituted 2-Aminothiazole Ring.
Authors: Entesar. O. Al-Tamimi and Hussein. F. Abdul Mahdi
Abstract: The presented work involved the preparation of new Azo compounds containing aromatic heterocyclic (thiazol ring) derived from substituted amino benzoic acid. The preparation procedure involves a series of steps the first step includes the reaction of synthesized 2-aminothiazol compounds with nitrous acid at (0)C to form the corresponding diazonium salts. The second step involved coupling the newly synthesized diazonium salts with different amines and phenols. All the prepared compounds in this work were characterized by melting point and softening points with other physical properties, FTIR, H1-NMR spectra, Screening of the antimicrobial activity of the prepared azo compounds was tested against two types of bacteria; Gram positive (Stapylococcus aureus) and Gram negative (Escherichia coli).

http://www.ijghc.com/download_frontend.php?id=207&table=Green%20Chemistry

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29/08/2016

Section A: GREEN CHEMISTRY: Vol. 5 Issue 3

Title: Morpho-Anatomical Study of the Underground and Dyeing Organs in Galium latoramosum Clos. (Rubiaceae)
Authors: L. M. G. Rojas, A. L. Pascualides, R. A. Hernandez and M. J. Joseau
Abstract: Galium latoramosum has medicinal and dyeing properties. In Argentina, native peoples used its roots to obtain dyes in the red range. While there are references to anatomical studies of the genus Galium, information describing the anatomical structure and location of the pigments in G. latoramosum was not found. Descriptions of the various underground organs, reserve substances and location of natural pigments in the genus Galium are imprecise and inconsistent. The chances of the species asexual reproduction are also unknown. The aim of this study was to describe the external morphology and the anatomy of underground dyeing organs of G. latoramosum in order to provide basic knowledge for domestication. Agamic structures were collected from mother plants of three populations and their behavior was registered in the nursery. Then, samples of underground organs of mother-plants were collected and freehand cuts were performed. The cut material was examined using an optical microscope and usually no staining techniques were used in order to know where the pigments were located. It is concluded that the subterranean stems of G. latoramosum are rhizomes and stolons, which emit adventitious roots from nodes. The pigments are located in the cortex, phloem and pith of adults and young rhizomes and in the cortex and phloem of adventitious roots of G. latoramosum.

http://www.ijghc.com/download_frontend.php?id=206&table=Green%20Chemistry

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29/08/2016

Section A: GREEN CHEMISTRY: Vol. 5 Issue 3

Title: Influence of Thermal Radiation and Seasonal Variations of Chlorophyll Contents and Gari Yield in Some Selected Cassava Cultivars (Manihot Esculenta Crantz) in Rivers State Nigeria
Authors: G. I. Oyet, S. C. Achinewhu, P. Audu and N. O. Ogbodo
Abstract: The influence of thermal radiation and seasonal variations of chlorophyll contents and gari yield in some selected cassava cultivars (manihot esculenta crantz) in Rivers State, Nigeria was examined. Three improved variety of cassava cultivars coded-NR-8082, NR-84292 and TMS-30572, grown within 2 km flare distance were studied for their chlorophyll yield and response to flare radiation and seasonal variations in Rumuekpe flowstation of Rivers State. The plots were designed according to distances: 0-150m, 150-300m, 300-450m, 450-600m and 1000-2000m. Randomised complete block design (RCBD) with three (3) treatments in five replications was used. The total chlorophyll content of the leaves was then calculated using the method of Arnon, Heat radiation was measured with a pyranometer equipped with an automatic logging system. The statistical differences were analysed by analysis of variance and least significant difference. The results showed that at 0-150m (603.84w/m2), the chlorophyll level of (NR-8082), (NR-84292) and (TMS-30572) for dry and wet seasons were 2.00mg/g and 2.20mg/g, 2.10mg/g and 2.30mg/g and 2.07mg/g and 2.26mg/g respectively. The chlorophyll values at the control distance 1000-2000m ((428.83w/m2) showed that (NR-8082) 5.06mg/g and 5.45mg/g, (NR-84292) 5.10mg/g and 5.50mg/g,(TMS- 30572) 5.05mg/g and 5.45mg/g for dry and wet seasons respectively. The chlorophyll level increased as the distance from the flare increased. The effect of flare distance on chlorophyll level in cassava leaves showed gari yield ( NR-8082) of 14.0% , (NR-84292) of 8.2% and (TMS- 30572) of 9.5% at 0-150m and the gari yield of 25.4% for NR-84292,23,5% for NR- 8082 and 24.0% for TMS-30572 at 1000-2000m. The chlorophyll level of 3 cassava cultivars grown around flare site showed significant effect during the dry season (P

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29/08/2016

Section A: GREEN CHEMISTRY: Vol. 5 Issue 3

Title: Extraction, Partial Purification and Characterization of Polygalacturonase from the Plant Jatropha tanjorensis
Authors: Trinath Ghosh, Onkar Nath Ghosh, Joydeep Karmakar, Abhishek Mukherjee and Bibhas Guha
Abstract: Pectinases are commercially important enzymes with many industrial applications such as fruit juice and wine clarification, tea fermentation, cotton bioscouring, degumming of bast fibers, paper making and waste water treatment. Pectinases are commercially produced by bacteria and filamentous fungi. Recently it has been found that plants can produce substantial amount of pectinolytic enzymes. In this study, we, for the first time report the presence of polygalacturonase activity in the shrub Jatropha tanjorensis, a common w**d found in tropical and subtropical countries. Extracts obtained from different plant parts such as stem, bark and leaves exhibited 7,800 ± 200; 21,800 ± 500 and 9,200 ± 200 units of pectinolytic activity per 100 g biomass respectively. The latex also contained very high pectinolytic activity (66,700 ± 2,000 units per 100 ml). The enzyme was found to be active in the pH range of 2 to 11 with highest activity at pH 7.5 ± 0.5 and a wide temperature range of 10 - 80 °C with optimal activity at 60 ± 2 °C. The enzyme kinetics study showed a maximum velocity of 1.976 µmol/min and Km of 3.3 mg/ml substrate (pectin) concentration. The enzyme efficiently degraded crude apple, guava and citrus peel pectin. However inclusion of Mg2+ inhibited the enzyme activity.

29/08/2016

Section A: GREEN CHEMISTRY: Vol. 5 Issue 3

Title: Determination of Total Phenolic & Flavonoid Contents in Rauvolfia tetraphylla Linn.
Authors: A. B. Kawde, R. G. Weginwar, A. Bharati, D. Akkewar and G. Gond
Abstract: Rauvolfia tetraphylla Linn, belonging to family Apocynaceae (Oleander family) is an ethnomedicinal plant used to cure many diseases. Stem bark of Rauvolfia tetraphylla Linn. was analyzed for total phenolic and flavonoid contents in different extracts. The amount of total phenols were determined with the Folin-Ciocalteu reagent by using gallic acid as a standard compound and the total phenols were expressed as mg gallic acid equivalents /g extract. The quantitative determination of flavonoid (flavonols) contents calculated in terms of quercetin equivalent by using aluminium chloride colorimetric method for flavonoids determination. Quercetin was used to perform the calibration curve. The maximum phenolic and flavonoid contents was found to be 42.3 ±0.46 mg G*E /g extract and 22.02 ±0.04 mg QE /g extract in methanol extract of Rauvolfia tetraphylla Linn.

http://www.ijghc.com/download_frontend.php?id=203&table=Green%20Chemistry

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29/08/2016

Section A: GREEN CHEMISTRY: Vol. 5 Issue 3

Title: Allelopathic Activity of Callus Extracts from Different Brazilian Peanut (Arachis Hypogaea L.) Cultivars on Lettuce (Lactuca Sativa): Effect of Light Quality and Temperature during Callogenesis
Authors: Gabriel Casimiro, Renata Garcia, Georgia Pacheco, Ivana Leal, Elisabeth Mansur and Naomi Simas
Abstract: Peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.) is an herbaceous Brazilian plant with high contents of lipids, proteins, vitamins and carbohydrates. Although many biological activities have already been evaluated in extracts from different parts of A. hypogaea plants, the allelopathic effect of in vitro materials is less investigated. In this work, the allelopathic activity of callus extracts from different Brazilian peanut cultivars on lettuce (Lactuca sativa) was evaluated. Calluses were induced from different explants (cotyledons, embryonic axes, embryonic leaflets, and leaf segments) of five peanut cultivars (IAC 886, IAC Caiapó, IAC Tatu ST, IAC 8112 e BR-1) in response to different concentrations of picloram under fluorescent lamps, or white, blue, red or combination of blue and red light-emitting diodes (LEDs), at 25±2°C or 30±2°C. Calluses derived from leaf segments cultivated at 25±2°C on MS medium supplemented with 1.25ìM picloram were selected for the evaluation of allelopathic activity. The highest activity was observed in extracts from calluses induced under fluorescent lamps or combination of blue and red LEDs (up to 66.89% inhibition of radicle growth in relation to the control). These results may open new possibilities for the use of in vitro materials in the control of the rate of plant growth.

http://www.ijghc.com/download_frontend.php?id=202&table=Green%20Chemistry

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