Janak Clinical Laboratory

19/04/2021

EM 200 fully automatic biochemistry analyzer

04/02/2021

18/11/2018

Unfortunately, many antibiotics prescribed to people and to animals are unnecessary. And the overuse and misuse of antibiotics helps to create drug-resistant bacteria.

Here’s how that might happen. When used properly, antibiotics can help destroy disease-causing bacteria. But if you take an antibiotic when you have a viral infection like the flu, the drug won’t affect the viruses making you sick. Instead, it’ll destroy a wide variety of bacteria in your body, including some of the “good” bacteria that help you digest food, fight infection, and stay healthy. Bacteria that are tough enough to survive the drug will have a chance to grow and quickly multiply. These drug-resistant strains may even spread to other people.

Over time, if more and more people take antibiotics when not necessary, drug-resistant bacteria can continue to thrive and spread. They may even share their drug-resistant traits with other bacteria. Drugs may become less effective or not work at all against certain disease-causing bacteria.

05/08/2016

What Are the Symptoms of Hepatitis A?
If you have this infection, you have inflammation in your liver that's caused by a virus. You don't always get symptoms, but when you do, you might have:

Jaundice (yellow eyes and skin, dark urine)
Pain in your belly
Loss of appetite
Nausea
Fever
Diarrhea
Fatigue
Children often have the disease with few symptoms.

You can spread the hepatitis A virus about 2 weeks before your symptoms appear and during the first week they show up, or even if you don't have any.

How Is It Spread?
You can catch the disease if you drink water or food that's been contaminated with the stool of someone with the virus.

You can also get infected if you:

Eat fruits, vegetables, or other foods that were contaminated during handling
Eat raw shellfish harvested from water that's got the virus in it
Swallow contaminated ice
Who's at Highest Risk?
You could be at risk for the disease if you:

Live with or have s*x with someone who's infected
Travel to countries where hepatitis A is common
People who are also at risk are:

Men who have s*x with men
People who inject illegal drugs
Kids in child care and their teachers
How Is It Diagnosed?
Blood tests allow doctors to diagnose it.

Are There Any Long-Term Effects?
Usually the virus doesn't cause any long-term problems or complications. But according to the CDC, 10% to 15% of people with hepatitis A will have symptoms that last a long time or come back over a 6- to 9-month period. In rare situations, some people may have liver failure or need a transplant.

What's the Treatment?
No treatments can cure the disease. Your doctor may take tests that check your liver function to be sure your body is healing.

31/03/2016

15/11/2014

Risk Factors for Type 2 Diabetes
People who develop type 2 diabetes are more likely to have the following characteristics:
age 45 or older
overweight or obese
physically inactive
parent or sibling with diabetes
family background that is African American, Alaska Native, American Indian, Asian American, Hispanic/Latino, or Pacific Islander American
history of giving birth to a baby weighing more than 9 pounds
history of gestational diabetes
high blood pressure—140/90 or above—or being treated for high blood pressure
high-density lipoprotein (HDL), or good, cholesterol below 35 milligrams per deciliter (mg/dL), or a triglyceride level above 250 mg/dL
polycystic o***y syndrome, also called PCOS
prediabetes—an A1C level of 5.7 to 6.4 percent; a fasting plasma glucose test result of 100–125 mg/dL, called impaired fasting glucose; or a 2-hour oral glucose tolerance test result of 140–199, called impaired glucose tolerance
acanthosis nigricans, a condition associated with insulin resistance, characterized by a dark, velvety rash around the neck or armpits
history of CVD
The American Diabetes Association (ADA) recommends that testing to detect prediabetes and type 2 diabetes be considered in adults who are overweight or obese and have one or more additional risk factors for diabetes. In adults without these risk factors, testing should begin at age 45.

12/04/2014

What is Dengue Fever?
Dengue Fever is an outbreak affecting tropical countries which is caused by virus transmitted through mosquito bites.

What are the symptoms of Dengue Fever?
After being bitten by the mosquito carrying Dengue Virus (DENV) the symptoms generally take 3 to 15 days to appear.

The symptoms onset can be sudden and generally appear as -

Chills
Headache
Pain upon rolling eyes
Low backache
Pain in limbs
Rapid increase in temperature as high as 104oC
Reddening of eyes
Rash appear on body extremities
Fever and signs generally drop after 2-4 days after onset and then appear again with the second episode of viral fever.

A more severe form of Dengue is the Dengue Hemorrhagic Fever. This is accompanied by all symptoms of Dengue and the following conditions as well:

Significant damage to blood vessels and lymph
Decrease in the platelet count of the blood
Bleeding from gums, nose, mouth
Bleeding under the skin which looks like bruising
Dengue Hemorrhagic Fever is very serious and a worsened condition may cause death.

Dengue Shock Syndrome is a very critical condition where the patient’s condition deteriorates as the pulse drops and there is sudden circulatory failure.

Is Dengue Fever contagious?
Dengue fever is not contagious and cannot be contracted from one person to another person through air, sharing food, clothes etc. It spreads from Dengue Patient - Mosquito Bite- Healthy Individual pathway.

How is Dengue Fever treated?
Dengue fever is caused by a Virus and cannot be treated with antibiotics. It is treated with symptomatic relief medicines like Antipyretics, pain-relievers and nonsteroidal-anti-inflammatory drugs under Doctors supervision.

Which mosquito is responsible for causing Dengue?
Dengue Virus is contracted from bite of mosquito Aedes aegypti which has previously bitten an infected person.

This mosquito can breeds in rainy season and is commonly found in water (even fresh water) collected in pots, cans, flower beds, dessert coolers etc.

What precautions are necessary for Dengue fever?
Dengue spreads through mosquito bites. To stop the transmission from one patient to other individual, it is necessary that a patient of Dengue be kept under mosquito nettings until second bout of fever is over.

Mosquito eradication is necessary indoors as well in neighborhood and spraying of mosquito repellant is necessary.

Arms and legs should be covered with fill sleeves and leggings during an outbreak in the city. Moreover, mosquito repellant sprays and lotions should be used liberally on all exposed parts.

Aedes mosquito is a daytime biter (it may bite anytime of the day) with peak episodes during sunrise and sunset so remaining indoors and using mosquito repellant during this hour is important.

Which tests are done to diagnose and confirm Dengue?
To evaluate Dengue Fever, the doctor checks for signs and symptoms. Besides, this diagnostic test for Dengue Virus and Platelet count is performed through a blood test.

11/04/2014

Some fat in the liver is normal. But if fat makes up more than 5%-10% of the weight of your liver, you may have alcoholic or nonalcoholic liver disease. In some cases, these diseases can lead to serious complications.

Alcoholic Liver Disease (ALD)


More than 15 million people in the U.S. abuse or overuse alcohol. Almost all of them -- 90%-100% -- develop fatty livers.

Fatty liver can occur after drinking moderate or large amounts of alcohol. It can even occur after a short period of heavy drinking (acute alcoholic liver disease).

Genetics or heredity (what is passed down from parent to child) plays a role in alcoholic liver disease in two ways: It may influence how much alcohol you consume and your likelihood of developing alcoholism. And, it may also affect levels of liver enzymes involved in the breakdown (metabolism) of alcohol.

Other factors that may influence your chances of developing alcoholic fatty liver disease include:

Hepatitis C (which can lead to liver inflammation)
An overload of iron
Obesity
Diet

24/06/2013

PLEASE SHARE THIS.............
Symptoms and signs of heart attack?
Symptoms and signs of heart attack may include
the following:
Chest pain or discomfort that is crushing, like a
heavy weight; or squeezing, like a tight band
around the chest; or an ache in the centre of the
chest. The pain may radiate to the neck, jaw,
shoulders, arms (especially the left arm), back,
abdomen, face or teeth.
The pain is persistent (longer than 15 minutes),
and does not ease with rest. The pain is
sometimes mistaken for indigestion. Note that in
some cases, heart attacks are painless.
Profuse sweating
Difficulty breathing
Feeling dizzy or light-headed
Nausea
Pale, clammy skin
The pulse may be fast or irregular.
The person may suddenly collapse and lose
consciousness
First aid for heart attack!!!!!!!!!!!!
Encourage the person to sit still, with knees bent to
ease strain on the heart.
Talk to him calmly and reassuringly, and loosen
any tight clothing.
Monitor any changes in condition.
The person should take one aspirin with water
(Unless he is allergic to or unable to take aspirin).
Aspirin helps to prevent blood clotting
Please Share and make awareness...

01/12/2012

Common cold is a viral infection, caused by Rhino virus and hence has no treatment. Viruses are microscopic organisms which invade the mucus cells of the nose, to disrupt the normal function and then use the cells for viral reproduction. There are more than over 200 strains of viruses capable of causing cold. Each time a cold infection is caused by a different strain of rhino virus. Infection may be helpful by excessive fatigue, emotional stress and other factors that weaken the body's immune defenses.

Once you get infected with a strain, your immune system develops anti-bodies to that particular strain. Bacteria that live in the nose and throat can gain a foothold and cause secondary infection such as ear infections, bacterial sinusitis and bacterial bronchitis. So a person gets infected only once in his/her lifetime by a particular strain of virus. But if one’s immunity is good we can prevent the attack or atleast reduce the severity of symptoms. Researcher have found that Allicin found in crushed garlic has great cold fighting properties. So have a lot of garlic spiked dishes in the monsoon season when cold attack is commonest. Also fruits rich in vitamin C. i.e. awla, guava, oranges etc. also help in preventing of common cold by boosting up immunity. Nutrients like zinc and selenium found in nuts, fish, whole grain and pulses also help strengthen the immunity.

Home remedies for a cold
Boil fresh ginger root in water and sweeten it by adding jaggery.
Hot chicken soup is an old remedy for common cold
Have a laddo made from mixture of saunth, jaggery and black pepper two times a day.Easier option is to have an aalepak vadi.
Add ginger and some tulsi leaves to your regular tea.The theophylline in tea opens the respiratory passages while ginger tulsi helps in clearing the respiratory passages.
What is cough

A cough is a sudden sharp sound to expel air from lungs. Its the body’s reflex to keep throat and airways clean trying to through out any bacterial or blocked mucous which is in the airways. Common reason for Cough may be cold. Excessive coughing may be under different diagnosis.

Home remedies for cough

Add turmeric powder and squashed fersh ginger to boiling milk. Sieve it and then have piping hot. This eliminates cough, cold and body pains.
For dry cough at night peel a small piece of fresh ginger, sprinkle some salt on it and chew slowly. Follow this up with a spoon of honey.
Put two fistful of grated cabbage in hot water. Add some vicks or eucalyptus oil and inhale the steam.
Pound the black pepper and have it with curds and jaggery to get relief from long outstanding cough.

25/11/2012

Migraine

What is a migraine?
What are the symptoms of a migraine?
What causes migraine?
What triggers migraine?
How can I prevent migraines?
How is a migraine treated?
When should I call my doctor?
Where can I get more information and advice?
What is a migraine?

Migraine is an intense throbbing headache, usually occurring in just one half of the head. The headache is often accompanied by nausea, vomiting and sensitivity to light, sound or strong smells, and can last for several hours or even days. About 20% of people with migraine also experience an ‘aura’ (visual disturbances) before the headache begins.

Around 400,000 people in Ireland (10% of the population) are thought to suffer from migraines, and they are more common in women than men.



What are the symptoms of a migraine?

Some people may start to experience various symptoms even before a migraine begins, which can act as an early warning sign that an attack is about to begin. These early symptoms can include food cravings, change in mood and change in energy levels.

The aura sometimes associated with migraine will also be experienced before the actual headache phase. An aura may last for around 20-60 minutes and normally involves visual disturbances e.g., blind spots or seeing flashing lights and zig-zag patterns. Aura can also involve pins and needles, slurring of speech, muscle weakness, less of co-ordination and confusion.

Once the headache stage begins there may be:

Intense, throbbing headache – usually on one side of the head
Nausea and vomiting
Sensitivity to light, noise or smells
Stiff neck
Blurred vision
This is followed by a ‘resolution’ stage, as the attack gradually fades away, followed by a postdromal or recovery phase.

What causes migraine?

The exact cause of migraine remains unknown. However, it is thought that the headache occurs when blood vessels leading to the brain swell and become inflamed, causing intense, throbbing pain. This may be due to abnormal sensitivity of the blood vessels to various triggers, causing rapid changes in the artery size due to spasm.

It is also known that there is a reduction in the levels of a chemical called serotonin or 5HT in the brain during a migraine attack. This may cause some of the symptoms, such as aura – and also have an effect on the blood vessels in the brain.

What triggers migraine?

Many people with migraine will find that specific triggers may set off their attacks. These vary from person to person but may include:

Particular foods or drinks, including coffee, soy sauce, wine, chocolate, garlic, certain fruits, alcohol, dairy products and smoked meat
Lack of food or change in eating patterns
Extreme emotions such as depression, stress, anger, excitement
Travel/long journeys
Exercise
Medications, including contraceptive pill
Sudden changes in the temperature, strong odours, loud noise and bright light
Sleep deprivation or disturbance, or too much sleep
Head, neck or back injury
Hormonal changes in women – e.g., menstruation, pregnancy.
How can I prevent migraines?

Identifying and avoiding triggers of your migraines is the best means to decrease their frequency. However, some triggers will be out of your control – such as hormonal changes or changes in the weather. Concentrate on those triggers that are within your control.

It is also important to control stress – make sure you are keeping fit, sleeping and eating well. Some people find yoga, mediation and relaxation useful.

It is also advisable to keep to a regular routine with regards to eating, resting, exercising and sleeping – even at weekends or on holidays.

How is a migraine treated?

Sleep is one of the best ways to get through a migraine attack. Resting in a dark room is also often helpful. Some sufferers find that an ice bag reduces the pain – while others find that heat, whether as a hot towel or warm bath – is helpful.

Drug treatment includes painkillers – such as aspirin or paracetamol. Soluble painkillers are often useful for people with migraine, as stomach symptoms during an attack can often slow down absorption of ordinary tablets.

A group of drugs called triptans can be prescribed for migraine by your doctor. These help to resolve the headache in migraine if the drug is taken early on in the attack.

A preventive medication may be prescribed by your doctor if your attacks are regular (2-3 a month), particularly severe, or if they follow a regular pattern. These drugs must be taken for 6-12 months and while they may not prevent attacks altogether, the goal is to reduce the frequency of attacks.

It is worth discussing your treatment options with your doctor.

When should I call my doctor?

You may need to visit your doctor for advice and treatment when migraines keep you from functioning normally at work. It is advisable to contact your doctor if you have a severe headache together with vomiting, speech difficulty, loss of consciousness or numb face and tingling arm or leg.