Health knowledge

23/12/2025

Acute Bronchiolitis :

Acute bronchiolitis is a common lower respiratory tract infection in infants and young children (

15/12/2025

🔵 Nephrotic Syndrome – Key Extract

💧 Hyperproteinuria ≥3.5 g/day
🔻 Hypoalbuminemia → albumin lost in urine
🧈 Hyperlipidemia (↑atherosclerosis risk if chronic)
💦 Edema

⚠️ Complications → Hypercoagulable state (loss of AT-III, Protein C, S in urine)
📌 ⅓ due to systemic diseases (DM, SLE, Amyloidosis)
🧒 Children → Minimal Change Disease most common
🧑 Adults → FSGS most common

1️⃣ Minimal Change Disease (MCD)

⭐ Most common nephrotic syndrome in children
🎯 Sudden onset edema
🔬 Light microscopy → normal
🔎 EM → diffuse effacement of podocyte foot processes
💊 Steroid responsive → excellent prognosis

2️⃣ Focal Segmental Glomerulosclerosis (FSGS)

🔺 Most common nephrotic syndrome in adults (↑ African descent)
🩸 Causes → IV drug use, HIV, Sickle cell, Obesity
💉 Biopsy → focal sclerosis in glomerular tufts
💊 Treatment → Prednisone ± immunosuppressants
💊 ACEi/ARBs → ↓ proteinuria + control HTN

15/12/2025

📌 Understanding Veneral Diseases (STIs) — Quick Guide for Everyone

Veneral diseases, commonly called STIs, are infections you get through s*xual contact.
They don’t always show symptoms at the beginning, and that’s why many people spread them without knowing.

Common signs of STIs include:
• Unusual vaginal or pe**le discharge
• Burning when urinating
• Lower abdominal pain
• Ge***al sores, itching, or swelling
• Pain during s*x

Ignoring these signs can lead to serious complications like infertility, chronic pelvic pain, or infections spreading to other organs.

📌 What is ADAY KIT?

Aday Kit is a combination pack of medicines commonly used for managing certain mixed s*xually transmitted infections, especially when a patient shows multiple symptoms such as discharge + abdominal pain + burning sensation.

It usually contains:
• Azithromycin 1g
• Fluconazole 150mg
• Secnidazole 2g

This combination targets:
• Chlamydia
• Gonorrhoea
• Trichomoniasis
• Some fungal infections

It is often used when the exact organism is not known but the symptoms strongly point to an STI.

⚠️ Important Warning

ADAY Kit is not for self-medication.
Wrong use can lead to resistance, treatment failure, or worsening of symptoms.
Always get tested or speak with a pharmacist/health professional before using it.

📌 Key Takeaway

STIs are treatable, but many people hide or ignore symptoms out of shame.
Early treatment protects you and your partner.
If you notice discharge, pain, or sores don’t wait. Get checked.

01/12/2025

HYPOCALCEMIA:

Hypocalcemia means a serum calcium level below 8.5 mg/dL (2.1 mmol/L).
It can affect muscle contraction, nerve function, and heart rhythm.

🛑Normal Calcium Levels
• Total calcium: 8.5 – 10.5 mg/dL (2.1 – 2.6 mmol/L)
• Ionized calcium (active form): 1.1 – 1.3 mmol/L

🛑Causes of Hypocalcemia

1. Low Parathyroid Hormone (PTH)
• Hypoparathyroidism (after thyroid/parathyroid surgery)
• Autoimmune destruction

2. Vitamin D Deficiency
• Poor dietary intake
• Lack of sunlight exposure
• Chronic kidney or liver disease (impaired activation)

3. Electrolyte Imbalances
• Hypomagnesemia (inhibits PTH release)
• Hyperphosphatemia (binds calcium)

4. Medications
• Loop diuretics (e.g., furosemide)
• Bisphosphonates
• Anticonvulsants
• Chemotherapy agents

5. Other Causes
• Acute pancreatitis
• Massive blood transfusion (citrate binds calcium)
• Sepsis

🛑Clinical Manifestations

Neuromuscular Symptoms
• Tingling/numbness around mouth, hands, feet
• Muscle cramps or twitching
• Tetany (sustained muscle contraction)
• Seizures

🛑Classic Signs
• 🖐 Trousseau’s sign: Carpal spasm when BP cuff inflated
• 😬 Chvostek’s sign: Facial twitch when tapping the facial nerve

Cardiac
• Prolonged QT interval on ECG
• Arrhythmias

Other
• Laryngospasm (airway obstruction risk)
• Bone pain (if chronic)

🛑Diagnosis
• Measure total and ionized calcium
• Check PTH, vitamin D, magnesium, phosphate, renal function
• ECG: Prolonged QT interval

🛑Treatment

1. Acute / Severe Hypocalcemia
• IV calcium gluconate (slow infusion)
• Monitor ECG continuously
• Correct magnesium if low

2. Mild / Chronic Hypocalcemia
• Oral calcium supplements (calcium carbonate or citrate)
• Vitamin D supplementation
• Treat underlying cause (e.g., hypoparathyroidism, kidney disease)

🛑Dietary Sources of Calcium
• Milk, cheese, yogurt
• Leafy greens (kale, broccoli)
• Almonds, sesame seeds
• Sardines, salmon (with bones)

🛑Nursing Considerations
• Monitor for signs of tetany and laryngospasm
• Administer calcium supplements with vitamin D
• Avoid rapid IV calcium (can cause cardiac arrest)
• Monitor ECG and electrolytes.See more..
🖼️👇🏻

Share and Follow for more ✅✅✅

01/12/2025

❇️ Common Eye Conditions:

* Healthy Eye – Clear cornea, normal conjunctiva, no redness, discharge, or vision disturbance.

* Keratitis – Inflammation of the cornea, often causing pain, blurred vision, light sensitivity, and a cloudy or hazy corneal appearance. Can be viral, bacterial, fungal, or due to contact lens overuse.

* Pterygium – A fleshy, triangular growth of conjunctival tissue extending towards the cornea, commonly caused by UV exposure, dust, and dry climates.

* Pinguecula – Yellowish, raised bump on the conjunctiva near the cornea; caused by sun exposure, dryness, and irritation. Non-cancerous.

* Blepharitis – Chronic inflammation of the eyelid margins leading to redness, crusting, itchiness, and a gritty or burning sensation. Often linked to dandruff or meibomian gland dysfunction.

* Conjunctivitis (Pink Eye) – Inflammation of the conjunctiva causing redness, watery or purulent discharge, and irritation. Can be viral, bacterial, or allergic.

* Stye (Hordeolum) – Painful, red, pimple-like swelling on the eyelid caused by infection of oil glands. Often tender to touch.

* Cataract – Clouding of the natural lens, leading to blurry vision, glare, and reduced night vision. Commonly age-related.

* Glaucoma – Group of diseases causing optic nerve damage, often due to increased intraocular pressure. May cause tunnel vision and is a leading cause of irreversible blindness if untreated.

27/11/2025

Please share and follow for more ✅✅✅

27/11/2025

24/11/2025

👶🧬 FETAL ANATOMY: WHAT’S NORMAL

✨ Key Structures:
• ❤️ Heart: 4 chambers, regular heartbeat
• 🧠 Brain & spinal cord: developing & intact
• 🫁 Lungs: forming but not yet breathing air
• 🖐️ Limbs & digits: arms, legs, fingers, toes
• 👀 Eyes & ears: properly positioned
• 🩸 Circulatory & digestive organs: forming correctly

Monitoring fetal anatomy ensures your baby is developing healthily. 💛

24/11/2025

Understanding HbA1c (Glycated Hemoglobin)🧐🩺👇

HbA1c is a blood test that measures the average blood glucose level over the past 2–3 months.

It shows how much glucose is attached to hemoglobin inside red blood cells.

Why 2–3 months?

Because red blood cells live for about 120 days, so HbA1c reflects long-term sugar control—not just daily fluctuations.

22/11/2025

✨ Vaginal Discharge Colors & Their Meaning 💡👩‍⚕️
A quick, clear guide every woman should know! ❤️

🔹 Clear – Healthy discharge, pregnancy, ovulation, hormonal imbalance
⚪ White – Normal OR yeast infection
⚫ Gray – Bacterial vaginosis
🟡 Yellow-Green – Sexually transmitted infection (STI)
💗 Pink – Cervical bleeding, irritation, implantation bleeding
🔴 Red – Menstruation, cervical polyp, endometrial/cervical cancer (rare but important)

📌 Always consult a doctor if discharge has a bad smell, itching, or sudden changes.