Health knowledge

05/12/2025

📌 Understanding Veneral Diseases (STIs) — Quick Guide for Everyone

Veneral diseases, commonly called STIs, are infections you get through s*xual contact.
They don’t always show symptoms at the beginning, and that’s why many people spread them without knowing.

Common signs of STIs include:
• Unusual vaginal or pe**le discharge
• Burning when urinating
• Lower abdominal pain
• Ge***al sores, itching, or swelling
• Pain during s*x

Ignoring these signs can lead to serious complications like infertility, chronic pelvic pain, or infections spreading to other organs.

📌 What is ADAY KIT?

Aday Kit is a combination pack of medicines commonly used for managing certain mixed s*xually transmitted infections, especially when a patient shows multiple symptoms such as discharge + abdominal pain + burning sensation.

It usually contains:
• Azithromycin 1g
• Fluconazole 150mg
• Secnidazole 2g

This combination targets:
• Chlamydia
• Gonorrhoea
• Trichomoniasis
• Some fungal infections

It is often used when the exact organism is not known but the symptoms strongly point to an STI.

⚠️ Important Warning

ADAY Kit is not for self-medication.
Wrong use can lead to resistance, treatment failure, or worsening of symptoms.
Always get tested or speak with a pharmacist/health professional before using it.

📌 Key Takeaway

STIs are treatable, but many people hide or ignore symptoms out of shame.
Early treatment protects you and your partner.
If you notice discharge, pain, or sores don’t wait. Get checked.

01/12/2025

🔵 Nephrotic Syndrome – Key Extract

💧 Hyperproteinuria ≥3.5 g/day
🔻 Hypoalbuminemia → albumin lost in urine
🧈 Hyperlipidemia (↑atherosclerosis risk if chronic)
💦 Edema

⚠️ Complications → Hypercoagulable state (loss of AT-III, Protein C, S in urine)
📌 ⅓ due to systemic diseases (DM, SLE, Amyloidosis)
🧒 Children → Minimal Change Disease most common
🧑 Adults → FSGS most common

1️⃣ Minimal Change Disease (MCD)

⭐ Most common nephrotic syndrome in children
🎯 Sudden onset edema
🔬 Light microscopy → normal
🔎 EM → diffuse effacement of podocyte foot processes
💊 Steroid responsive → excellent prognosis

2️⃣ Focal Segmental Glomerulosclerosis (FSGS)

🔺 Most common nephrotic syndrome in adults (↑ African descent)
🩸 Causes → IV drug use, HIV, Sickle cell, Obesity
💉 Biopsy → focal sclerosis in glomerular tufts
💊 Treatment → Prednisone ± immunosuppressants
💊 ACEi/ARBs → ↓ proteinuria + control HTN

01/12/2025

HYPOCALCEMIA:

Hypocalcemia means a serum calcium level below 8.5 mg/dL (2.1 mmol/L).
It can affect muscle contraction, nerve function, and heart rhythm.

🛑Normal Calcium Levels
• Total calcium: 8.5 – 10.5 mg/dL (2.1 – 2.6 mmol/L)
• Ionized calcium (active form): 1.1 – 1.3 mmol/L

🛑Causes of Hypocalcemia

1. Low Parathyroid Hormone (PTH)
• Hypoparathyroidism (after thyroid/parathyroid surgery)
• Autoimmune destruction

2. Vitamin D Deficiency
• Poor dietary intake
• Lack of sunlight exposure
• Chronic kidney or liver disease (impaired activation)

3. Electrolyte Imbalances
• Hypomagnesemia (inhibits PTH release)
• Hyperphosphatemia (binds calcium)

4. Medications
• Loop diuretics (e.g., furosemide)
• Bisphosphonates
• Anticonvulsants
• Chemotherapy agents

5. Other Causes
• Acute pancreatitis
• Massive blood transfusion (citrate binds calcium)
• Sepsis

🛑Clinical Manifestations

Neuromuscular Symptoms
• Tingling/numbness around mouth, hands, feet
• Muscle cramps or twitching
• Tetany (sustained muscle contraction)
• Seizures

🛑Classic Signs
• 🖐 Trousseau’s sign: Carpal spasm when BP cuff inflated
• 😬 Chvostek’s sign: Facial twitch when tapping the facial nerve

Cardiac
• Prolonged QT interval on ECG
• Arrhythmias

Other
• Laryngospasm (airway obstruction risk)
• Bone pain (if chronic)

🛑Diagnosis
• Measure total and ionized calcium
• Check PTH, vitamin D, magnesium, phosphate, renal function
• ECG: Prolonged QT interval

🛑Treatment

1. Acute / Severe Hypocalcemia
• IV calcium gluconate (slow infusion)
• Monitor ECG continuously
• Correct magnesium if low

2. Mild / Chronic Hypocalcemia
• Oral calcium supplements (calcium carbonate or citrate)
• Vitamin D supplementation
• Treat underlying cause (e.g., hypoparathyroidism, kidney disease)

🛑Dietary Sources of Calcium
• Milk, cheese, yogurt
• Leafy greens (kale, broccoli)
• Almonds, sesame seeds
• Sardines, salmon (with bones)

🛑Nursing Considerations
• Monitor for signs of tetany and laryngospasm
• Administer calcium supplements with vitamin D
• Avoid rapid IV calcium (can cause cardiac arrest)
• Monitor ECG and electrolytes.See more..
🖼️👇🏻

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01/12/2025

❇️ Common Eye Conditions:

* Healthy Eye – Clear cornea, normal conjunctiva, no redness, discharge, or vision disturbance.

* Keratitis – Inflammation of the cornea, often causing pain, blurred vision, light sensitivity, and a cloudy or hazy corneal appearance. Can be viral, bacterial, fungal, or due to contact lens overuse.

* Pterygium – A fleshy, triangular growth of conjunctival tissue extending towards the cornea, commonly caused by UV exposure, dust, and dry climates.

* Pinguecula – Yellowish, raised bump on the conjunctiva near the cornea; caused by sun exposure, dryness, and irritation. Non-cancerous.

* Blepharitis – Chronic inflammation of the eyelid margins leading to redness, crusting, itchiness, and a gritty or burning sensation. Often linked to dandruff or meibomian gland dysfunction.

* Conjunctivitis (Pink Eye) – Inflammation of the conjunctiva causing redness, watery or purulent discharge, and irritation. Can be viral, bacterial, or allergic.

* Stye (Hordeolum) – Painful, red, pimple-like swelling on the eyelid caused by infection of oil glands. Often tender to touch.

* Cataract – Clouding of the natural lens, leading to blurry vision, glare, and reduced night vision. Commonly age-related.

* Glaucoma – Group of diseases causing optic nerve damage, often due to increased intraocular pressure. May cause tunnel vision and is a leading cause of irreversible blindness if untreated.

27/11/2025

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27/11/2025

24/11/2025

👶🧬 FETAL ANATOMY: WHAT’S NORMAL

✨ Key Structures:
• ❤️ Heart: 4 chambers, regular heartbeat
• 🧠 Brain & spinal cord: developing & intact
• 🫁 Lungs: forming but not yet breathing air
• 🖐️ Limbs & digits: arms, legs, fingers, toes
• 👀 Eyes & ears: properly positioned
• 🩸 Circulatory & digestive organs: forming correctly

Monitoring fetal anatomy ensures your baby is developing healthily. 💛

24/11/2025

Understanding HbA1c (Glycated Hemoglobin)🧐🩺👇

HbA1c is a blood test that measures the average blood glucose level over the past 2–3 months.

It shows how much glucose is attached to hemoglobin inside red blood cells.

Why 2–3 months?

Because red blood cells live for about 120 days, so HbA1c reflects long-term sugar control—not just daily fluctuations.

22/11/2025

✨ Vaginal Discharge Colors & Their Meaning 💡👩‍⚕️
A quick, clear guide every woman should know! ❤️

🔹 Clear – Healthy discharge, pregnancy, ovulation, hormonal imbalance
⚪ White – Normal OR yeast infection
⚫ Gray – Bacterial vaginosis
🟡 Yellow-Green – Sexually transmitted infection (STI)
💗 Pink – Cervical bleeding, irritation, implantation bleeding
🔴 Red – Menstruation, cervical polyp, endometrial/cervical cancer (rare but important)

📌 Always consult a doctor if discharge has a bad smell, itching, or sudden changes.

21/11/2025

🧑🏻‍⚕️ ជម្ងឺខ្សោយសសៃឈាមវ៉ែននៅជើងចំពោះស្រ្តី
Varicose Veins និង Chronic Venous Insufficiency

ក្នុងជីវភាពប្រចាំថ្ងៃ ស្ត្រីជាច្រើនរស់នៅជាមួយសភាព
ឈឺចាប់ ឬ ធុញថប់នៅជើង ហើយដែលភាគច្រើនបាន
មើលរំលងអំពីបញ្ហានេះ។

ជំងឺខ្សោយសសៃឈាមវ៉ែននៅជើងVaricose Veins
និង Chronic Venous Insufficiency ជាស្ថានភាព
ដែលឈាមមិនអាចរត់ត្រឡប់ឡើងទៅបេះដូងបានល្អ
ហើយធ្វើឲ្យឈាមអាចកកនៅផ្នែកខាងក្រោមនៃជើង ។

📝 តាមរបាយការណ៍របស់ American Vein &
Lymphatic Society ស្ត្រីប្រហែល 25%–40%
មានបញ្ហា Varicose Veins ។

ដូចគ្នាដែរ ការសិក្សាផ្សេងទៀតបង្ហាញថា ម្តាយក្រោយសម្រាល ក្នុងចំណោម 2–3 នាក់ មានម្នាក់ អាចនឹងមាន
ការខ្សោយសសៃឈាមជើងដោយសារបម្រែបម្រួល
អរម៉ូន និង សម្ពាធពីស្បូនពេលមានផ្ទៃពោះ
នេះបើតាមJournal of Vascular Surgery, 2021។

👩🏻‍⚕️ ជំងឺនេះមិនត្រឹមតែបង្កការឈឺចាប់ ឬធុញថប់ទេ។
ប្រសិនបើមិនព្យាបាលវាអាចនាំឲ្យ 👇🏻

🔸 ជើងហើម
🔸 ស្បែកប្រែជាពណ៌ត្នោតឬខ្មៅ
🔸 ការឡើងរឹងនៃស្បែក (Lipodermatosclerosis)
🔸 និងអ្វីដែលគួរឱ្យព្រួយបំផុត គឺដំបៅ
ដែលមិនងាយព្យាបាល អោយជាសះស្បើយនោះទេ
នេះបើតាម WHO (Wound Burden Report, 2022)

ស្ត្រីភាគច្រើន យល់ថា “វាជារឿងធម្មតា” បន្ទាប់ពីបាន
ឈរច្រើនម៉ោង ឬ ក្រោយសម្រាលកូន។

ប៉ុន្តែជាមូលដ្ឋានវិទ្យាសាស្ត្រ នេះជាជំងឺដែលត្រូវពិនិត្យ
និង ព្យាបាល! ❗

20/11/2025

Quick review Types of Fever🤒🧐🩺👇

FEVER (Pyrexia)

Fever is a body temperature above 38°C (100.4°F) due to infection, inflammation, or other medical conditions.

🔥 Causes of Fever

1. Infections (most common)
• Viral infections (flu, cold, dengue, COVID-19)
• Bacterial infections (UTI, pneumonia, tonsillitis)
• Parasitic infections (malaria)

2. Inflammatory/Autoimmune diseases
• Rheumatoid arthritis
• Lupus

3. Heat-related
• Heat exhaustion / heatstroke

4. Reaction to
• Vaccines
• Medications

5. Other causes
• Cancer
• Hormonal disorders (thyroid)

🤒 Symptoms of Fever
• Hot skin
• Sweating
• Chills or shivering
• Headache
• Body pains
• Weakness
• Loss of appetite
• Dehydration
• Fast heart rate

🩺 First Aid / Management of Fever

1. Check Temperature
• Oral, axillary, or tympanic thermometer
• Fever: ≥38°C (100.4°F)

2. Hydration
• Drink water, ORS, juices
• Prevent dehydration

3. Cooling Measures
• Light clothing
• Tepid sponge bath (lukewarm water)
• Keep room cool and well-ventilated

4. Medication (if needed)
• Paracetamol (acetaminophen)
• Ibuprofen (if no gastric or kidney issues)

5. Rest
• Adequate sleep
• Avoid heavy activity

20/11/2025

ACUTE CHOLECYSTITIS - Timing of Surgery Changes Everything

DIAGNOSIS: Gallstone obstruction causes 90-95% of cases. Ultrasound shows 81% sensitivity, 83% specificity.

Early vs late laparoscopic cholecystectomy

EARLY SURGERY (1-3 days):
- 11.8% complications
- 5.4 day hospital stay
- Lower costs

LATE SURGERY (>3 days):
- 34.4% complications
- 10.0 day hospital stay
- Higher costs

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