Medi Clini Lab Pharmaco Guide

12/11/2025

𝖶𝖧𝖠𝖳 𝖨𝖲 𝖪𝖤𝖱𝖮𝖢𝖮𝖳𝖮𝖭𝖴𝖲 𝖮𝖥 𝖳𝖧𝖤 𝖤𝖸𝖤

Keratoconus is an eye disorder in which the cornea, the clear, dome-shaped front part of the eye, gradually thins and bulges outward into a cone shape. This conical distortion causes blurred and distorted vision because the cornea loses its normal rounded shape, affecting its ability to focus light properly on the retina. Symptoms often include blurry vision, double vision, increased nearsightedness, irregular astigmatism, and sensitivity to light. The condition typically starts in adolescence or early adulthood and can progressively worsen, sometimes rapidly, leading to impaired vision at all distances and poor night vision. Both eyes are usually affected, but often asymmetrically. Treatment options vary depending on severity and can include corrective lenses, corneal cross-linking, or in advanced cases, corneal transplantation [1][2][3][4][7][9].

05/11/2025

TSH වලට පුලුවන්ද ඔයාගෙ මුලු ශරීරයම පාලනය කරන්න??

ඔව් ඒක ඇත්ත කිව්වොත් ඔයා පිළිගන්නවද?

TSH හෙවත් තයිරොයිඩ්-උත්තේජක හෝමෝනය ඉතා වැදගත් වන්නේ එය තයිරොයිඩ් ග්‍රන්ථියේ තයිරොයිඩ් හෝමෝන නිෂ්පාදනය කිරීම පාලනය කරන නිසයි..

මේ තයිරොයිඩ් හෝමෝනය මගින් තමයි
- [x] ශරීරයේ පරිවෘත්තීය ක්‍රියාවලි
- [x] වර්ධනය සහ
- [x] ශරීර උෂ්ණත්වය පාලනය කරන්නෙ.

මේ TSH මගින් පිටියුටරි ග්‍රන්ථිය උත්තේජනය කරන අතර ශරීරයේ අවශ්‍යතාවය අනුව තයිරොයිඩ් ග්‍රන්ථියට වැඩි හෝ අඩු හෝමෝන ප්‍රමාණයක් නිපදවන ලෙස පණිවිඩ ලබල දෙනවා.

👉💥TSH මගින් මොනවද ඔබේ ශරීරයේ පාලනය කරන්නෙ??

✴️පරිවෘත්තීය:

TSH මගින් තයිරොයිඩ් ග්‍රන්ථිය උත්තේජනය කර ඔබේ පරිවෘත්තීය වේගය පාලනය කරන හෝමෝන (T3 සහ T4) නිපදවයි, එනම් ඔබේ ශරීරය ආහාර ශක්තිය බවට පරිවර්තනය කරන වේගයයි.

✴️වර්ධනය සහ සංවර්ධනය

TSH මගින් නියාමනය කරන ලද තයිරොයිඩ් හෝමෝන, අස්ථි සහ මධ්‍යම ස්නායු පද්ධතියේ වර්ධනය හා පරිණතභාවය සඳහා අත්‍යවශ්‍ය වේ.

✴️හෘද ක්‍රියාකාරිත්වය

TSH හෘද ස්පන්දන වේගය, හැකිලීම සහ හෘදය මගින් පොම්ප කර ශරීරයට බෙදාහරින ඔක්සිජනීකෘත රුධිරය ප්‍රමාණය මත බලපෑම් කරනවා

✴️ආහාර ජීර්ණය

ආහාර ජීරණ පද්ධතිය හරහා ආහාර ගමන් කරන වේගයට බලපායි.

✴️මාංශ පේශි ක්‍රියාකාරිත්වය

මාංශ පේශි හැකිලීම පාලනය කිරීමේදී TSH සුවිශේෂ කාර්යභාරයක් ඉටු කරයි.

✴️ප්‍රජනක සෞඛ්‍යය

තයිරොයිඩ් හෝමෝන ඔසප් චක්‍ර ඇතුළු ප්‍රජනක ක්‍රියාකාරකම් සමඟ සම්බන්ධ වේ.

💥💥💥ඔබට වැටහෙනවාද TSH මගින් ඔබේ මුලු ශරීරයේම ක්‍රියාකාරීත්වය පාලනය කල හැකි බව??

👉💥 රුධිරයේ ඇති TSH ප්‍රමාණය පරීක්ෂා කිරීම වැදගත් වෙන්නෙ ඇයි??

✴️තයිරොයිඩ් ආබාධ හඳුනා ගැනීම සහ නිරීක්ෂණය කිරීම සඳහා TSH පරීක්ෂණයක් වැදගත් වේ,

👉මන්ද එය ක්‍රියාකාරී නොවන තයිරොයිඩ් (හයිපෝතයිරොයිඩ්වාදය) (Hypothyroidism) සහ අධි ක්‍රියාකාරී තයිරොයිඩ් (Hyperthyroidism) (හයිපර්තයිරොයිඩ්වාදය) යන දෙකම පරීක්ෂා කරයි.

💥💥 මොකද්ද මේ Hypothyroidism කියන්නෙ??

ශරීරයේ අවශ්‍යතා සපුරාලීමට ප්‍රමාණවත් තයිරොයිඩ් හෝමෝන නිපදවන්නේ නැතිකම තමයි Hypothyroidism කියන්නෙ..

🔹මොනාද මේ තත්වයේදි පෙන්වන රෝගී ලක්ෂණ

තයිරොයිඩ් ග්‍රන්ථියේ රෝග ලක්ෂණ සාමාන්‍යයෙන් කාලයත් සමඟ සෙමින් වර්ධනය වන අතර මුලදී සියුම් විය හැකි අතර බොහෝ විට වයසට යාමේ සලකුණු ලෙස වරදවා වටහා ගනු ලැබේ.

පොදු රෝග ලක්ෂණ

- [x] අධික වෙහෙස හෝ තෙහෙට්ටුව
- [x] පැහැදිලි කළ නොහැකි බර වැඩිවීම
- [x] සීතලට සංවේදීතාව වැඩි වීම
- [x] වියළි සම සහ හිසකෙස්, හෝ හිසකෙස් ගැලවී යාම
- [x] මලබද්ධය මාංශ පේශි කැක්කුම
- [x] ඉදිමුණු මුහුණ
- [x] ගොරෝසු කටහඬ
- [x] මානසික අවපීඩනය
- [x] සංකේන්ද්‍රණය වීමේ අපහසුතාව හෝ මතක ගැටළු

🔹මොකද්ද මේ Hyperthyroidism කියන්නෙ??

හයිපර් තයිරොයිඩ්වාදය හෙවත් අධි ක්‍රියාකාරී තයිරොයිඩ් ග්‍රන්ථිය යනු තයිරොයිඩ් ග්‍රන්ථිය අධික ලෙස තයිරොයිඩ් හෝමෝන නිපදවන තත්වයකි. මෙය ශරීරයේ පරිවෘත්තීය ක්‍රියාවලිය වේගවත් කිරීමට හේතු වන අතර එය හදවත, මාංශ පේශි, සම සහ ශරීරයේ අනෙකුත් කොටස් වලට බලපායි.

රෝග ලක්ෂණ

රෝග ලක්ෂණ බොහෝ විට ඉක්මනින් ඇති වන අතර දෛනික ජීවිතයට සැලකිය යුතු ලෙස බලපෑම් කළ හැකිය.

පොදු රෝග ලක්ෂණ අතරට

- [x] ආහාර රුචිය වැඩි වුවද නොදැනුවත්වම බර අඩු වීම
- [x] වේගවත් හෝ අක්‍රමවත් හෘද ස්පන්දනය (ටායිචාර්ඩියා, ස්පන්දනය හෝ කර්ණික ෆයිබ්‍රිලේෂන්) ස්නායු භාවය,
- [x] කාංසාව සහ කෝපය
- [x] අත් සහ ඇඟිලිවල වෙව්ලීම
- [x] තාපයට සංවේදීතාව වැඩි වීම
- [x] අධික දහඩිය දැමීම බඩවැල් රටා වල වෙනස්කම් (නිතර නිතර බඩවැල් චලනය)
- [x] මාංශ පේශි දුර්වලතාවය හෝ තෙහෙට්ටුව
- [x] නිදිමත වීම සහ නින්ද නොයාම සම සහ
- [x] සිහින්, බිඳෙනසුලු හිසකෙස් තුනී වීම
- [x] ගොයිටර් (විශාල වූ තයිරොයිඩ් ග්‍රන්ථිය)

💥TSH පරීක්ෂණය සිදුකිරීම මෙම රෝගී තත්වයන්ට ලබාදෙන ඖෂධ වලට ඔබේ ශරීරය ප්‍රතිචාර දක්වන ආකාරය අධ්‍යනය කිරීම සඳහාද වැදගත් වේ..

💥ගර්භණී සමයේදීද මෙම TSH රුධිර පරීක්ෂණය සිදුකිරීම අවශ්‍ය වේ..

🔹🔹 TSH රුධිර පරීක්ෂණය සිදුකරන්නේ කෙසේද??

✴️ ප්‍රතිකැටිකාරක නොයෙදූ plain tube එකකට මේ සඳහා රුධිරය ලබාගත යුතු වන අතර විශේෂිත සූදානම් වීමක් අවශ්‍ය නොවේ..

💥💥 ඔබ දැනටමත් තයිරොක්සින් ලබාගන්නේ නම් රුධිරය ලබාදීමට පෙර ඒ පිළිබඳව වගකිවයුතු අංශ වලින් උපදෙස් ලබාගැනීම අවශ්‍ය වේ..

මෙසේ රුධිරය ලබාදුන් පසු වෛද්‍ය රසායනාගාරයක් තුලදී වෛද්‍ය රසායනාගාර විද්‍යාඥයින් ඔබගේ රුධිරයේ TSH ප්‍රමාණය පරීක්ෂා කර පරීක්ෂණ වාර්තාව යොමුකරනු ඇත.

03/11/2025

30/10/2025

𝖯𝖱𝖮𝖲𝖳𝖠𝖳𝖤 𝖦𝖫𝖠𝖭𝖣 𝖤𝖭𝖫𝖠𝖱𝖦𝖤𝖬𝖤𝖭𝖳 (𝖡𝖯𝖧)
Prostate gland enlargement, also known as benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH), is a common condition in older men. Here are some lab tests and treatments:

Lab Tests:

- Prostate-specific antigen (PSA) test: measures the level of PSA in the blood, which can be elevated in men with BPH or prostate cancer
- Urinalysis: tests urine for blood, bacteria, or other signs of infection
- Urodynamic tests: measure the flow of urine and bladder pressure
- Cystoscopy: visually examines the inside of the bladder and urethra

Treatments:

- Watchful waiting: monitoring symptoms and PSA levels
- Medications:
- Alpha-blockers (e.g., terazosin, doxazosin) to relax prostate muscles
- 5-alpha-reductase inhibitors (e.g., finasteride, dutasteride) to shrink the prostate
- Minimally invasive procedures:
- Transurethral resection of the prostate (TURP)
- Laser therapy (e.g., GreenLight laser)
- UroLift
- Surgery: open prostatectomy or robotic-assisted surgery

Lifestyle Changes:

- Dietary changes: increasing fiber, reducing caffeine and spicy foods
- Exercise: regular physical activity to improve symptoms
- Fluid management: limiting fluids before bedtime, avoiding caffeine and alcohol

If you're experiencing symptoms, consult a healthcare provider for proper diagnosis and treatment.

30/10/2025

𝖬𝖴𝖫𝖳𝖨𝖯𝖫𝖤 𝖬𝖸𝖤𝖫𝖮𝖬𝖠
𝖨𝖽𝖾𝗇𝗍𝗂𝖿𝗂𝖼𝖺𝗍𝗂𝗈𝗇 𝖺𝗇𝖽 𝗅𝖺𝖻𝗍𝖾𝗌𝗍 𝖺𝗇𝖽 𝖳𝗋𝖾𝖺𝗍𝗆𝖾𝗇𝗍𝗌.
Multiple myeloma is a cancer of plasma cells, a type of white blood cell in the bone marrow. It's characterized by an overproduction of abnormal plasma cells, which can lead to various health issues.

Diagnosis

Diagnosing multiple myeloma involves several tests, including:
- Blood tests: to detect abnormal proteins or high levels of certain proteins
- Bone marrow biopsy: to examine bone marrow cells for cancerous cells
- Imaging tests: such as X-rays, CT scans, MRI scans, or PET scans to identify bone damage or tumors

Treatment Options

Treatment for multiple myeloma depends on the stage and severity of the disease. Some common treatments include ¹ ² ³:
- Chemotherapy: to kill cancer cells
- Targeted therapy: to target specific molecules involved in cancer cell growth
- Immunotherapy: to stimulate the immune system to fight cancer cells
- Stem cell transplant: to replace damaged bone marrow cells with healthy ones
- Radiation therapy: to relieve bone pain and shrink tumors
- Corticosteroids: to control inflammation and kill cancer cells

Medications

Some common medications used to treat multiple myeloma include ² ⁴ ³:
- Proteasome inhibitors: such as bortezomib (Velcade), carfilzomib (Kyprolis), and ixazomib (Ninlaro)
- Immunomodulatory drugs: such as lenalidomide (Revlimid), pomalidomide (Pomalyst), and thalidomide (Thalomid)
- Monoclonal antibodies: such as daratumumab (Darzalex), elotuzumab (Empliciti), and isatuximab (Sarclisa)
- CAR-T cell therapy: a type of immunotherapy that involves genetically modifying T cells to target cancer cells

Stages and Prognosis

Multiple myeloma is classified into three stages ⁵:
- Stage I: the disease progresses slowly, and symptoms may not be noticeable
- Stage II: the disease progresses faster, and symptoms such as bone pain may appear
- Stage III: the disease is more aggressive, and symptoms can include anemia

28/10/2025

𝖦𝖱𝖮𝖨𝖭 𝖯𝖠𝖨𝖭 𝖢𝖠𝖴𝖲𝖤𝖲 𝖠𝖭𝖣 𝖢𝖴𝖱𝖤

𝖦roin pain causes male

Groin pain in males can arise from a variety of causes. The most common cause is muscle, tendon, or ligament strain, often seen in athletes or people involved in physically demanding activities. This may result from a pulled muscle or "sports hernia," which is not a true hernia but related muscle injury.

Other frequent causes include:

- Hernia, where abdominal contents push through a weak spot in the abdominal muscles. This usually requires surgical correction.
- Hip joint disease or injury.
- Inflammation or infection of the testicles or epididymis (epididymitis).
- Testicular torsion, which is the twisting of the spermatic cord and is a medical emergency.
- Tumors of the testicle.
- Kidney stones.
- Infections of the urinary tract or prostate (prostatitis).
- Sexually transmitted infections such as chlamydia or gonorrhea.
- Appendicitis.
- Irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) causing pelvic pain.
- Pelvic fractures.
- Circulatory problems involving femoral artery or vein in the groin.
- Enlarged lymph glands or skin infections in the groin area.

Symptoms and severity differ based on the underlying cause, with some conditions needing urgent medical attention like testicular torsion or strangulated hernia. Persistent or severe groin pain should be evaluated by a healthcare provider to identify the specific cause and appropriate treatment [1][2][3][4].

Citations:
[1] Groin pain - Penn Medicine https://www.pennmedicine.org/conditions/groin-pain
[2] Groin Pain Male: 10 Common Causes https://www.drandrewdutton.com/blog/groin-pain-in-men/
[3] Groin Pain: Causes, Symptoms, and Treatment Options - WebMD https://www.webmd.com/men/my-groin-hurt
[4] Groin pain (male) Causes - Mayo Clinic https://www.mayoclinic.org/symptoms/groin-pain/basics/causes/sym-20050652
[5] Groin Pain: Causes & How To Find Relief - Cleveland Clinic https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/symptoms/groin-pain
[6] Groin pain or swelli

Groin pain refers to discomfort in the area where the abdomen ends and the legs begin. This article focuses on groin pain in men. The terms "groin" and "testicle" are sometimes used interchangeably. But what causes pain in one area does not always cause pain in the other.

26/10/2025

𝖢𝖠𝖱𝖮𝖳𝖨𝖣 𝖠𝖱𝖳𝖤𝖱𝖸 𝖣𝖮𝖯𝖯𝖫𝖤𝖱 𝖲𝖢𝖠𝖭
𝖲𝖼𝖺𝗇 𝗈𝖿 𝖼𝖺𝗋𝗈𝗍𝗂𝖽 𝖺𝗋𝗍𝖾𝗋𝗒

A scan of the carotid artery typically refers to a carotid ultrasound or carotid duplex scan. This is a painless, safe, and non-invasive test that uses sound waves (ultrasound) to create images of the carotid arteries in the neck, which supply blood, oxygen, and nutrients from the heart to the brain, face, and neck.

The carotid ultrasound evaluates blood flow through these arteries and checks for narrowing or blockages caused by plaque buildup (atherosclerosis). It can detect conditions like carotid artery disease, which may increase the risk of stroke. The scan uses B-mode imaging to view the artery walls and Doppler techniques to assess blood flow velocity and identify stenosis (narrowing). Color flow imaging and pulse wave Doppler help to detect abnormal flow patterns, velocity increases, and stenoses.

If the carotid artery lumen is narrowed by more than 50%, this becomes apparent through imaging and velocity changes. The test results can indicate the degree of narrowing, which is crucial for determining treatment options like medication, surgery, or other interventions to prevent stroke.

Additional imaging studies like CT angiography, magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), or carotid angiography may be used if needed for further evaluation, usually involving contrast dye.

In summary, a carotid artery scan is a specialized ultrasound test to evaluate artery health in the neck, assess the risk of stroke, and guide treatment decisions based on the presence and severity of artery narrowing or blockage [1][2][3][4][5][7][8].

Citations:
[1] Identifying carotid artery disease with ultrasound https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=66KjiicFGL4
[2] Carotid Artery Disease Imaging https://www.yalemedicine.org/conditions/carotid-artery-disease-imaging
[3] Carotid duplex: MedlinePlus Medical Encyclopedia https://medlineplus.gov/ency/article/003774.htm
[4] Carotid Duplex Scan | Fairfax Radiology Centers, LLC https://www.fairfaxradiology.com/procedures/vascular-interventional/carotid-duplex-scan
[5] Carotid ultrasound https://www.mayoclinic.org/tests-procedures/carotid-ultrasound/about/pac-20393399
[6] Carotid Artery Screening Test: Early Detection ... https://craftbodyscan.com/carotid-artery-screening/
[7] Carotid Ultrasound: Purpose, Procedure and Results https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diagnostics/22916-carotid-ultrasound
[8] Carotid Artery Screening https://www.radiologyinfo.org/en/info/screening-carotid
[9] Translation of atherosclerotic disease features onto healthy ... https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1746809423003191
[10] Carotid artery duplex scanning https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/3119668/

25/10/2025

𝖶𝗁𝗒 𝗋𝖺𝗇𝖺𝗅 𝖿𝗂𝗎𝗋𝖾 𝗉𝖺𝗍𝗂𝖾𝗇𝗍 𝗌𝗎𝗀𝖺𝗋 𝗅𝖾𝗏𝖾𝗅 𝖻𝖾𝖼𝗈𝗆𝖾 𝗅𝖺𝗐

The renal (kidney) failure patient’s sugar level can become low (hypoglycemia) or unstable for several reasons:

# # # Causes of Low or Unstable Sugar in Renal Failure Patients

- **Reduced renal clearance of insulin:** Kidneys normally clear insulin from blood. In renal failure, insulin stays longer, increasing its blood sugar-lowering effect and causing hypoglycemia.

- **Altered glucose metabolism:** Kidney dysfunction affects glucose production and utilization, disrupting normal blood sugar balance.

- **Decreased renal gluconeogenesis:** Kidneys contribute to glucose production; impaired function reduces this source, risking lower blood sugar.

- **Impaired kidney function affecting drug metabolism:** Many diabetes medications are cleared via kidneys; decreased clearance leads to accumulation and higher risk of hypoglycemia.

- **Malnutrition and poor appetite:** Common in kidney failure, can lower sugar intake leading to hypoglycemia.

- **Dialysis effects:** During dialysis, glucose can be removed or shifted, causing fluctuations in blood sugar.

# # # Why Monitoring Is Crucial

- Unstable sugar levels in renal failure complicate diabetes management.

- Hypoglycemia episodes increase risk of serious complications in these patients.

- Careful adjustment of diabetic medications and diet is mandatory to avoid dangerous lows or highs.

If you want, I can explain how blood sugar management is adjusted specifically for renal failure patients.

23/10/2025

𝖫𝖤𝖴𝖪𝖠𝖤𝖬𝖨𝖠 𝖲𝖸𝖬𝖯𝖳𝖮𝖬𝖲
leukaemia symptoms

Leukaemia symptoms can vary depending on the type and individual factors, but common symptoms include persistent fatigue and weakness, frequent infections, fever and chills, excessive sweating especially at night, unexplained weight loss, and loss of appetite. Other notable symptoms are bruising and bleeding more easily, swollen lymph nodes in the neck, armpits or groin, and breathlessness. Patients may also experience tenderness or pain in the bones or joints, often in areas rich in bone marrow like the sternum, ribs, hips, arms, and legs. An enlarged liver or spleen can cause discomfort or a feeling of fullness under the ribs on the left side. Some patients report headaches, swollen gums, and skin rashes. Acute forms of leukaemia may present quickly and seriously with symptoms such as breathing difficulties, neurological problems, or severe infections requiring emergency care. Blood clot-related symptoms like painful swollen legs, chest pain, or vision problems can also occur. Children may exhibit limping due to bone pain. Early and chronic leukaemia forms can develop with mild or vague symptoms, sometimes none at all, making medical consultation important if any warning signs are noticed [1][2][3][4][10].

In summary, major signs to watch for include:
- Fatigue, weakness, and fever
- Night sweats and chills
- Frequent infections
- Easy bruising and bleeding
- Bone or joint pain
- Enlarged lymph nodes, liver, or spleen
- Weight loss and loss of appetite
- Shortness of breath and pale complexion

If these symptoms are present and persistent, medical evaluation is recommended promptly to diagnose and manage leukaemia or rule out other conditions [2][9].

This comprehensive symptom list encompasses key clinical signs associated with leukaemia and highlights the importance of early detection and treatment.

Citations:
[1] Leukemia Signs & Symptoms - Cancers https://www.moffitt.org/cancers/leukemia/signs-symptoms/
[2] Leukemia symptoms and signs https://bloodcancer.org.uk/understanding-blood-cancer/leukaemia/leukaemia-symptoms-signs/
[3] What are the symptoms of leukaemia? https://www.canceraustralia.gov.au/cancer-types/leukaemia/what-are-symptoms-leukaemia
[4] Leukemia https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leukemia
[5] Leukemia - Symptoms and causes https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/leukemia/symptoms-causes/syc-20374373
[6] Leukemia: Symptoms, Signs, Causes, Types & Treatment https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/4365-leukemia
[7] Acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) signs and symptoms https://bloodcancerunited.org/blood-cancer/leukemia/acute-lymphoblastic-leukemia-all/signs-and-symptoms
[8] 12 Top Leukemia Symptoms & Signs https://www.mdanderson.org/cancer-types/leukemia/leukemia-symptoms.html
[9] Acute myeloid leukaemia - Symptoms https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/acute-myeloid-leukaemia/symptoms/
[10] Leukemia - Hematology.org https://www.hematology.org/education/patients/blood-cancers/leukemia

22/10/2025

𝖫𝖸𝖬𝖯𝖮𝖬𝖠 𝖫𝖠𝖡 𝖨𝖭𝖵𝖤𝖲𝖳𝖨𝖦𝖠𝖳𝖨𝖮𝖭𝖲
What tests will be done urgently if lymphoma is suspected

If lymphoma is suspected and urgent evaluation is needed, the following tests are typically performed:

- Blood tests: Complete blood count (CBC) to check for anemia, low or high white blood cells; lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) levels to assess tumor activity; chemistry panel to evaluate organ function and signs of tumor lysis syndrome.
- Imaging studies: CT scans, PET-CT scans, or MRI to detect enlarged lymph nodes and to determine the extent and location of lymphoma spread.
- Biopsy: Excisional lymph node biopsy (removal of a whole lymph node or part of it) is the gold standard to confirm lymphoma diagnosis by microscopic examination. Core needle biopsy may be used if excisional biopsy is not possible.
- Bone marrow biopsy: Often done in more advanced or high-grade cases to check for bone marrow involvement.
- Additional specialized tests on biopsy samples: Immunophenotyping, flow cytometry, and genetic studies to classify the lymphoma subtype accurately.

These tests together enable confirmation of lymphoma diagnosis and help guide staging and treatment planning. Blood tests and imaging are used to evaluate overall health, disease burden, and organ involvement, while biopsy confirms the presence and type of lymphoma [1][2][3][6].

Citations:
[1] The diagnosis and management of suspected lymphoma in ... https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC10042228/
[2] Lymphoma - Diagnosis and treatment https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/lymphoma/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20352642
[3] Blood Tests for Lymphomas: An In-Depth Clinical Guide https://medicalrealities.com/blood-tests-for-lymphomas-an-in-depth-clinical-guide/
[4] Hodgkin lymphoma diagnosis https://bloodcancerunited.org/blood-cancer/lymphoma/hodgkin-lymphoma/diagnosis
[5] Lymphoma: Symptoms, Causes and Treatment https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/22225-lymphoma
[6] Being referred for test

22/10/2025

Shout out to my newest followers! Excited to have you onboard! Lala HettiArachchi, Kanthi Prathapasinghe, Lakshan Peiris

21/10/2025

What treatment options reduce risk of fibroid complications

Treatment options that reduce the risk of fibroid complications focus on symptom relief, preventing growth or degeneration, and preserving fertility when desired. Key approaches include:

Medications:
- Hormonal treatments such as gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) agonists temporarily shrink fibroids by lowering estrogen and progesterone levels, reducing bleeding and size before surgery.
- Tranexamic acid can reduce heavy menstrual bleeding.
- Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) help with pain management.
- Oral contraceptives may regulate bleeding but have limited effect on fibroid size.

Minimally invasive procedures:
- Uterine artery embolization (UAE) blocks blood flow to fibroids, causing shrinkage and symptom improvement while avoiding major surgery.
- MRI-guided focused ultrasound ablation uses sound waves to destroy fibroid tissue noninvasively.

Surgical options:
- Myomectomy removes fibroids and preserves the uterus, ideal for women wishing to maintain fertility. It can be done hysteroscopically, laparoscopically, or via open surgery depending on fibroid size and location.
- Hysterectomy is definitive treatment, removing the uterus to prevent all fibroid problems, suitable for women without future pregnancy plans.

Lifestyle and monitoring:
- Regular monitoring via ultrasound or MRI helps detect growth or changes early.
- Maintaining a healthy weight and managing hormone-related conditions may reduce fibroid risk factors.

These treatments reduce risks such as heavy bleeding, pain, infertility, and pregnancy complications associated with fibroids. The choice depends on symptom severity, fibroid characteristics, patient age, and fertility desires [1][2][3][4][5][6][7][8][9].

Citations:
[1] Fibroids https://zerotofinals.com/obgyn/gynaecology/fibroids/
[2] Uterine fibroids and hysterectomy Information https://www.mountsinai.org/health-library/report/uterine-fibroids-and-hysterectomy
[3] Uterine fibroids - symptoms, treatments and causes https://www.healthdirect.gov.au/uterine-fibroids
[4] Complications of Uterine Fibroids and Their Management ... https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22619681/
[5] Uterine Fibroids: Causes, Symptoms & Treatment https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/9130-uterine-fibroids
[6] Complications - - - Fibroids https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/fibroids/complications/
[7] Uterine fibroids - Symptoms and causes https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/uterine-fibroids/symptoms-causes/syc-20354288
[8] Fibroids: Causes, symptoms, treatment, and types https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/151405
[9] Complications of Uterine Fibroids and Their Management https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC3316949/