Medi Clini Lab Pharmaco Guide

07/01/2026

07/01/2026

𝐒𝐓𝐄𝐑𝐎𝐈𝐃 𝐓𝐑𝐄𝐀𝐓𝐌𝐄𝐌𝐓

17/12/2025

𝐌𝐀𝐍𝐓𝐎𝐔𝐗 𝐓𝐄𝐒𝐓
𝐓𝐮𝐛𝐞𝐜𝐮𝐥𝐢𝐧 𝐭𝐞𝐬𝐭
𝐌𝐚𝐧𝐭𝐨𝐮𝐱 𝐬𝐤𝐢𝐧 𝐭𝐞𝐬𝐭

The Mantoux skin test, also known as the tuberculin skin test (TST), screens for tuberculosis (TB) infection by detecting prior exposure to *Mycobacterium tuberculosis*. [1][5]

# # Procedure
A small amount (0.1 mL) of purified protein derivative (PPD) tuberculin is injected intradermally into the forearm, forming a small wheal. The site is read 48-72 hours later by measuring induration (firm raised area) in millimeters, ignoring redness. [1][3][5]

# # Interpretation
Positive results vary by risk: >5 mm for HIV patients or recent contacts; >10 mm for high-risk groups like healthcare workers; >15 mm for low-risk individuals. Prior BCG vaccination may cause false positives, often requiring chest X-ray or IGRA confirmation. [4][5][7]

# # Limitations
False negatives occur in anergic states, recent infections, or young infants; false positives from nontuberculous mycobacteria or BCG. It's not diagnostic for active TB disease. [5][7]

Citations:
[1] Mantoux skin test for Tuberculosis (TB) in London https://olivehealthandtravel.co.uk/mantoux-bcg-igra
[2] Results https://myhealth.alberta.ca/Health/pages/conditions.aspx?hwid=hw203560
[3] Mantoux Tuberculin Skin Testhttps://www.cdc.gov/tb/education/mantoux/pdf/Mantoux_TB_Skin_Test.pdf
[4] Mantoux Test - an overview | ScienceDirect Topics https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/medicine-and-dentistry/mantoux-test
[5] Mantoux test https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mantoux_test
[6] Mantoux Test: Uses, Procedure, Normal Range and Test Results https://www.carehospitals.com/diagnostics/mantoux-test
[7] Mantoux test and its interpretation - PMC https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC3481914/
[8] The mantoux test | PPTX https://www.slideshare.net/slideshow/the-mantoux-test-39086833/39086833
[9] What Is a TB (Tuberculosis) Test? https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diagnostics/22751-tuberculosis-tb-test
[10] The TB (Tuberculosis) Skin Test (Mantoux) - MN Dept. of Health https://www.health.state.mn.us/diseases/tb/basics/factsheets/tst.html

14/12/2025

𝐂𝐚𝐮𝐬𝐞𝐬 𝐨𝐟 𝐛𝐥𝐨𝐨𝐝 𝐬𝐭𝐚𝐢𝐧𝐞𝐝 𝐮𝐫𝐢𝐧𝐞

Blood-stained urine, known as hematuria, indicates blood in the urine and requires medical evaluation to identify the underlying cause.[2]

# # Common Infections
Urinary tract infections (UTIs) affecting the bladder, kidneys, urethra, or prostate often cause blood in the urine due to inflammation.[1][2] Kidney infections like post-streptococcal glomerulonephritis can also lead to reddish-brown urine.[1][4]

# # Structural Issues
Kidney or bladder stones irritate the urinary tract, resulting in visible blood.[2][6] Enlarged prostate (BPH) or prostate
inflammation commonly contributes, especially in older adults.[2][6]

# # Serious Conditions
Cancers of the bladder, kidney, or prostate are key concerns, particularly in those over 35.[2][6] Kidney diseases involving the glomeruli, blood-clotting disorders like hemophilia, or sickle cell disease can also produce hematuria.[2][4]

# # Other Factors
Vigorous exercise may trigger muscle breakdown (rhabdomyolysis), darkening urine with blood-like appearance.[1][2] Certain medications, trauma, or menstruation can mimic or cause it, but non-menstrual cases warrant prompt testing.[1][10]
Tests to diagnose hematuria

Tests for diagnosing hematuria begin with confirming the presence of blood through urinalysis and proceed to imaging and invasive procedures based on initial findings.[1][5]

# # Initial Screening
Urinalysis serves as the primary test, using dipsticks for quick detection and microscopic examination to confirm three or more red blood cells per high-power field.[1][3] Urine cytology checks for cancer cells, while blood tests assess kidney function, clotting issues, or prostate-specific antigen (PSA) in men.[2][6]

# # Imaging Studies
Computed tomography (CT) urogram provides detailed views of the kidneys, ureters, and bladder, detecting stones, tumors, or structural issues with high sensitivity.[1][7] Ultrasound or MRI scans evaluate the kidneys and bladder non-invasively, often as initial imaging for those avoiding radiation.[3][4]

# # Invasive Procedures
Cystoscopy involves inserting a camera-equipped tube into the urethra and bladder to visualize bleeding sources directly, with high sensitivity for bladder cancer.[1][5] Kidney biopsy may be needed if glomerular disease is suspected, sampling tissue via needle.[3]

Urine dark or brown in color? Learn more about 10 conditions that might cause your urine to look brown, and when you should see your doctor.

12/12/2025

https://www.facebook.com/share/v/1KRXohPKCH/

09/12/2025

𝐏𝐘𝐔𝐑𝐈𝐀 𝐜𝐚𝐮𝐬𝐞𝐬

Pyuria refers to the presence of elevated white blood cells (pus cells) in the urine, often making it appear cloudy.[1]

# # Common Infectious Causes
Urinary tract infections (UTIs) are the most frequent cause, affecting the bladder, urethra, kidneys, or ureters.[1] Sexually transmitted infections like gonorrhea or chlamydia, as well as tuberculosis and fungal infections, can also lead to pyuria.[3][5]

# # Sterile Pyuria Causes
Sterile pyuria occurs without detectable bacteria on standard cultures and may stem from atypical infections (e.g., viruses, parasites like trichomoniasis), kidney stones, prostatitis, or interstitial cystitis.[1][3] Noninfectious factors include autoimmune diseases (e.g., lupus), medications (e.g., NSAIDs, antibiotics), and conditions like polycystic kidney disease or tumors.[3][5]

# # Other Risk Factors
Drug-induced reactions, recent catheter use, or systemic issues like sepsis and pneumonia contribute in some cases.[1][3] Diagnosis typically involves urinalysis and culture to differentiate causes.[3]

Pyuria is an elevated number of white blood cells in the urine, which can cause the urine to appear cloudy or contain pus. In this article, learn about the common causes, including urinary tract infections and sexually transmitted infections, as well as what symptoms to expect. We also cover the tre...

07/12/2025

𝖲𝖾𝗏𝖾𝗋𝖾 𝖺𝖻𝖽𝗈𝗆𝗂𝗇𝖺𝗅 𝗉𝖺𝗂𝗇 𝗐𝗂𝗍𝗁 𝗌𝖾𝗏𝖾𝗋𝖾 𝖼𝗈𝗇𝗌𝗍𝗂𝗉𝖺𝗍𝗂𝗈𝗇 𝖼𝖺𝗎𝗌𝖾𝗌

Severe abdominal pain combined with severe constipation often signals a medical emergency, such as bowel obstruction or f***l impaction, requiring immediate evaluation in an emergency department.[1][2]

# # Emergency Causes
Bowel obstruction blocks the intestine, preventing stool passage and causing cramping pain, bloating, vomiting, and no gas or bowel movements; common triggers include adhesions from prior surgery, tumors, hernias, or diverticulitis.[3][4][5] F***l impaction involves hardened stool buildup, leading to abdominal distension, pain, and potential overflow diarrhea, especially in those with chronic constipation or immobility.[6][7][8] Other critical issues like intestinal perforation or stercoral colitis can arise from untreated impaction, producing sudden intense pain, fever, and rigid abdomen.[9][10][11]

# # Non-Emergency Causes
Conditions such as irritable bowel syndrome, medications (e.g., opioids, anticholinergics), hypothyroidism, or inflammatory bowel disease can cause crampy pain and constipation but typically lack the acute severity.[12][13][14] Lifestyle factors like dehydration, low fiber, or inactivity contribute to secondary constipation with milder pain.[12][15]

Seek urgent care if pain persists, worsens, or includes vomiting, fever, blood in stool, or swelling, as delays risk perforation 𝗉𝗈𝗌𝗌𝗂𝖻𝗅𝖾.
Most common causes of bowel obstruction in adults

The most common causes of bowel obstruction in adults are adhesions from prior surgery, hernias, and colorectal cancer.[6][5][7]

# # Small Bowel Obstruction
Adhesions account for 55-75% of cases, often forming after abdominal or pelvic surgeries like appendectomy or colorectal procedures.[1][4][5] Hernias, particularly incarcerated groin hernias, cause 10-20% of obstructions by trapping intestinal loops.[6][5] Other contributors include Crohn's disease leading to strictures, malignancies, and volvulus.[1][5]

# # Large Bowel Obstruction
Colorectal cancer is the leading cause, responsible for about 60% of cases, often presenting as an emergency in 40% of affected patients.[1][3][4] Diverticulitis and sigmoid volvulus each account for around 15% of cases, with inflammatory bowel disease and adhesions also common.[1][3][7] F***l impaction or strictures from prior inflammation add to risks in older adults.[1][3]

01/12/2025

𝖳𝖤𝖲𝖳𝖲 𝖥𝖮𝖱 𝖳𝖴𝖬𝖮𝖴𝖱𝖲 𝖨𝖭 𝖳𝖧𝖤 𝖡𝖱𝖠𝖨𝖭
𝖳𝖾𝗌𝗍𝗌 𝖿𝗈𝗋 𝗍𝗎𝗆𝗈𝗎𝗋 𝗂𝗇 𝗍𝗁𝖾 𝖻𝗋𝖺𝗂𝗇

Tests for brain tumors primarily include imaging, biopsy, and specialized fluid analysis. Common imaging tests are MRI (magnetic resonance imaging), CT (computed tomography) scan, and PET-CT scan, which help visualize the tumor's size, location, and characteristics. Biopsy, which involves taking a tissue sample from the brain tumor, is critical for diagnosing the tumor type. Additional tests may include a neurological exam, lumbar puncture to examine cerebrospinal fluid, and brain angiogram to view blood vessels supplying the tumor.

Detailed types of MRI scans include contrast-enhanced MRI, magnetic resonance spectroscopy (MRS) that examines chemical changes in the tumor, perfusion MRI to evaluate blood flow, and functional MRI (fMRI) which detects brain activity. CT scans are useful when MRI is not possible or for emergency evaluations. PET-CT and SPECT scans can help differentiate tumor growth from treatment effects.

Brain tumor diagnosis may also involve molecular testing of biopsy samples for guiding treatment options. Blood tests, while they cannot diagnose brain tumors directly, may detect hormones or chemicals released by some tumors. Neuroendoscopy can be used for biopsy in specific brain regions.

In summary, standard tests for brain tumors include:
- MRI and CT scans for imaging the tumor
- Biopsy for histopathological diagnosis
- Lumbar puncture for cerebrospinal fluid analysis (in some cases)
- Brain angiogram for vascular imaging
- Molecular and specialized MRI techniques to understand tumor characteristics better[1][2][4][5][6

24/11/2025

ඉරුවාරදය (Migraine) කියන්නේ , ඉරුවාරදය කියන රෝගී තත්ත්වයට මුහුන දුන්න රෝගියෙකුට අහන්නට තරම් ප්‍රිය වචනයක් නොවේ. බොහෝ විට මිග්‍රේන් කියන්නේ එතරම් වේදනාකාරී සහ අප්‍රිය සහගත අත්දැකීමක්.

ඔබ ඕනැම කෙනෙක් ඉදහිට විවිධ හිසේ අමාරු වලට මුහුණ දී තිබුනත් Migraine කියන්නේ ඊට එහා ගිය ඉතාම ඉහල වේදනාවක් ඇති කරන , ඒ වගේම රෝගියාගේ දෛනික ජීවිතය සම්පූර්ණයෙන්ම උඩු යටිකුරු කරන්නට සමත් හිසේ කැක්කුමක් කීවොත් මම නිවැරදියි. මෙයට හේතුව තමයි අපි එදිනෙදා මුහුනදෙන හිසේ කැක්කුමකට එහා ගිහින් දින ගනනක් , සති ගනනක් එක දිගට පවතින හිසේ කැක්කුමක් විදියට පවා මෙම රෝගී තත්ත්වය වර්ධනය වෙන්න පුලුවන්

මිග්‍රේන් (Migraine) රෝගය ගත්තාම ඉතාව ඉහල රෝගින් ප්‍රතිශතයක් වාර්තා වෙනවා. උදාහරණයක් වශයෙන් ඇමරිකාවේ 12%කට පමණ ඉරුවාරදය රෝගය පවතින බව හඳුනාගෙන තියෙනවා. ඒ එක්කම ශ්‍රි ලංකාව ගත්තාම දැනට මේ පිලිබඳ සමීක්ෂණ වර්තා නොපවතින අතර පේරාදෙණිය විශ්වවිද්‍යාලය මගින් සිදුකල සමීක්ෂණයකට අනුව විශ්වවිද්‍යාල සිසුන්ගෙන් 50%කට පමණ මිග්‍රේන් සහ එවැනි රෝග ලක්ෂණ පවතින බව හඳුනාගෙන තියෙනවා. ඒ එක්කම මානසික ආතතිය විශාදය වැනි මානසික රෝග, ජීවන රටාවේ වෙනස්කම්, දීර්ඝ ගමන් වැනි කරුණු වලිනුත් මෙම රෝගය වර්ධනය වෙන්නට පුලුවන්.

ඒ එක්කම මෙය නව යොවුන් වියේ සිටින දරුවන් අතර ඉතා සුලභ රෝගී තත්ත්වයක් කියලා කියන්න පුලුවන්.

ඉරුවාරදය යනු කුමක්ද..? (Migraine?)
ඉරුවාරදය යනු පැය කිහිපයක් එකදිගට පවතින හිසරදයකට (headache) සමාන තත්ත්වයකි. එය බොහෝ විට හිසේ එක් පැත්ත්කට සීමා වේ. තවද වමනය ආලොකයට හා ශබ්ද වලට ඇති අකමැත්ත වැනි ලක්ෂණද මේ සමග ඇති වෙනවා.

migraine in Sinhala
ඉරුවාරදය ඇතිවීමට හේතු මොනවාද..?
මෙය තවමත් නිශ්චිතව පැහැදිලි කර නැති නමුත් මේ සදහා බලපෑම් කලහැකි හේතු කිහිපයක් හදුනාගෙන ඇත.

ජානමය කරුණු
අධික මානසික ආතතිය
සමහර ආහාරමය හේතු
සමහර ඖෂධ
අප්‍රසන්න ශබ්ද වලට අනාවරනය වීම
අධික ආලොකයට ආනාවරනය වීම
මොළය ආශ්රිතව ඇතිවන ප්‍රශ්න
ඉරුවාරදය කාන්තාවන් අතර වැඩිපුර දක්නට ලැබෙන්නේ ඇයි..?
ශ්‍රී ලංකාව වගේම ලෝකයේ විවිධ ප්‍රදේශ සහ පලාත් වල සිදුකල පර්යේෂණ වලට අනුව ඉරුවාරදය රෝගය සඳහා පිරිමින්ට වඩා කාන්තාවන් ගොදුරුවීම වැඩි බව හඳුනාගෙන තියෙනවා. මෙයට හේතු බොහොමයක් තියෙන්න පුලුවන්. උදාහරණයක් විදියට සමහර කාන්තාවන් උපත් පාලන පෙති භාවිතා කරනවා. මෙම පෙති නිසා මිග්‍රේන් එන්න පුලුවන්.