Diagnosis And Treatment

Diagnosis And Treatment Treatment and diagnosis

07/09/2025

WHY MALARIA KEEPS COMING BACK

Imagine treating malaria today and just the moment you think you’re finally free; boom!

Fever, chills, and that annoying joint ache show up again like an ex who doesn’t want to move on😭

Why does malaria keep coming despite the treatments you do and why do mosquitoes seem to have a crush on you?

Here are 3 major reasons why this happens.

Come with me 👇

1• Re-infection; This occurs when you have another fresh mosquito bite after your last treatment.

Imagine you’ve just recovered from malaria and are looking forward to getting back to your routine.

Suddenly, another mosquito bite reintroduces the sporozoites from its gut into your system.

The sporozoites pass through all the phases, from Schizonts to Merozoites and maybe to Gametocytes, if you don’t act fast.

Once the Merozoites form in the red blood cells, you’ll start to observe symptoms.

Also note that when the Sporozoites from a mosquito’s saliva turn into Schizonts in the liver, they usually don’t show symptoms.

So, at this point you’re already infected but no symptoms yet.

Fun Fact: When sporozoites from the mosquito’s saliva turn into Schizonts in the liver, they usually don’t show symptoms.

So, at this point, you're already infected but symptom-free.

It takes about 5-15 days for this asymptomatic phase to move into the symptomatic phase.

So, if you ever wondered why malaria seems to come back so quickly, it's a reminder of how active the Plasmodium species are.

05/09/2025

*Overview*

A urine analysis strip, also known as a urinalysis dipstick, is a diagnostic tool used to detect and measure various components in urine.

*Components Tested*

1. pH (Acidity/Alkalinity)
2. Protein (Proteinuria)
3. Glucose (Glycosuria)
4. Ketones (Ketosis)
5. Blood (Hematuria)
6. Bilirubin (Jaundice)
7. Urobilinogen (Liver Function)
8. Nitrites (Urinary Tract Infections)
9. Leukocytes (White Blood Cells)

*Interpretation*

*Normal Values*

1. pH: 4.5-8.0
2. Protein: Negative
3. Glucose: Negative
4. Ketones: Negative
5. Blood: Negative
6. Bilirubin: Negative
7. Urobilinogen: 0.2-1.0 Ehrlich Units
8. Nitrites: Negative
9. Leukocytes: Negative

*Abnormal Values*

1. pH: 8.0 (acidic/alkaline)
2. Protein: 1+ (30 mg/dL) to 4+ (1000 mg/dL)
3. Glucose: 1+ (100 mg/dL) to 4+ (1000 mg/dL)
4. Ketones: 1+ (5 mg/dL) to 4+ (40 mg/dL)
5. Blood: 1+ (5-10 RBCs/μL) to 4+ (50-100 RBCs/μL)
6. Bilirubin: 1+ (0.5 mg/dL) to 4+ (5 mg/dL)
7. Urobilinogen: >1.0 Ehrlich Units
8. Nitrites: Positive
9. Leukocytes: 1+ (5-10 WBCs/μL) to 4+ (50-100 WBCs/μL)

*Clinical Significance*

1. Infections (UTIs, kidney infections)
2. Diabetes
3. Kidney damage or disease
4. Liver disease or dysfunction
5. Hematuria (blood in urine)
6. Proteinuria (protein in urine)

*Common Brands*

1. Multistix
2. Chemstrip
3. UriScan
4. Uritest
5. Medi-Test

*Storage and Handling*

1. Store at room temperature (15-30°C/59-86°F)
2. Keep away from light and moisture
3. Use within expiration date

Disclaimer:
The information and resources
provided on this page are for educational and informational purposes only.

11/08/2025

Bana jin zan iya muku wani bayanin da ya wuce wannan a zahiri saboda karatu ne mai muhimmanci wanda zai yi matuƙar wahala ka fahimta in ba nutsuwa ka yi ba. Ka tsaya ka nutsu sannan ka saurari kowanne paragraph da nayi maka bayani saboda ba lallai ka sake cin karo da irin wannan rubutun ba.

Yadda kake ji a bakin ka a lokacin da ka hango ko ka sha lemon tsami, to kusan exactly abinda yake faruwa kenan cikin jinin mace a ranar da ciki ya shige ta. Hormone na farko da yake bayyana shine Human Chorionic Gonadotropin wato HCG. Shi wannan HCG ɗin, zaka iya ɗaukar sa a misalin k**ar ace lemon tsami ne aka ɗiga shi cikin bakin ka. To yadda kake ji haka shima misalin sa yake idan ya shigo cikin jinin mace. Yana shigowa, duk wani sinadarin da yake zaune lafiya a jikin mace sai ya tada masa zaune tsaye. Wannan tada zaune tsayen da yake haddasawa shine babban abinda yake sawa komai yake rikicewa tun daga kan ɗanɗano, har zuwa kan duk wani hormone da yake da alaƙa da daidaita tunani, seta temperature ta jiki, da kuma ita kanta garkuwar jikin.

Zan yi maka wannan bayanin don ka sake fahimta sosai: A lokacin da HCG ya bayyana a farkon ranar da mace ta samu ciki, kai tsaye zai tsunkuno Estrogen & Progesterone domin taya shi aiki na gaba. HCG yana tsunkuno su zai koma baya ya barsu su cigaba da sauran aikin. Aikin su na farko da suke farawa shine su fara chanza fasalin maɗaukan yawun bakin mace don chanza mata ɗanɗanon da suke buƙata bawai wanda take buƙata ba. Wannan dalilin ne yasa mace take yawan tsartar da yawu sak**akon an tilastawa duk wani salivary glands ɗin dake bakin ta wajen fitar da yawun da suke ajiye da shi a ma'ajiyar su.

Level na Estrogen ne yake fara ƙaruwa sosai fiye da kima. Wannan ne yasa mace take son cin abinci kala kala saboda juna biyun ya samu nutrients mabanbanta. A lokaci guda kuma, Estrogen ɗin ne yake sake tilastawa Connective tissue ɗin dake jikin Nonon mace su kumbura fiye da yadda suke a baya saboda su bada damar ajiye ruwan nono idan lokacin shaya

02/07/2025

aslm doctors ya aiki Allah ya taimaka nayi wata Daya Ina Jin alamun juna biyu baya na cire implants. ciwon mara, baya haqarqari konkoso yunkurin amai, miyau zazzaabi jiki duk ciwo Abu kadan innayi na gaji yawan Jin wari ka Kuma period Bai zo ba, Daman ina expecting dinshi on 25 of June dinnan Amma shiru. jiya dei jikin sei a hankali, naje asbiti kawai doctor yace PID ne. ya ban maganin maleria da wannan biyun yace na kwana biyar ne in banji sauki ba in dawo..jiyan na fara sha da daddare Amma gaskiya alhamdulillahi gabobi sun deina ciwo. sei mara shima kadan kadan sei dazun bayan la'asar kawai na fara ganin bakin Abu na fita k**an jini, nace toh maybe datti ne.. sei bayan isha sei ga jini jaa sosai yafi Wanda nakeyi kwanaki, don shi gaskiya Baki nakeyi lokacin period Amma wannan yazo a ja, Kuma bana ciwon mara k**an watanni da s**a wuce Kuma na rage yawan fitsarin da nakeyi... nace toh doctor maganin yayi aiki ne kenan da ya dawo da period normall? Kuma Dan Allah doctor kabani shawara ace yenzu banjin ciwon komai zuwa ran Friday din, still in koma Amin scanning ne ko dai kar na koma tunda banjin komai, don ko yenzu gaskiya naji sauki sosai..shi dei doctor din yace indai naji sauki shikenan in Bai Daina bane sei in dawo...Amma ni nafison ko ya Daina in koma, a Kara duba ni sosai saboda PID dinnan sei Allah... shine nace bari na nemi shawarar ku doctors na gode sosai Allah ya qaro ilimi

03/06/2025

PHARMACOLOGY.
Pharmacology is a branch of science that deal with the study of drugs, its Actions, Dosage, Forms, Route, Strength, Indication, Contra-Indications, Side-Effects, Chemical Name & Trade Name.

CLASSIFICATION OF DRUGS.
1- Analgesics.
2- Antibiotics.
3- Antihypertensive(Vasodilators).
4- Antihistamines.
5- Antifungals.
6- Antidiarrheal.
7- Anti rabies.
8- Anticoagulants.
9- Antacids.
10- Anti Pyretics(Non-narcotics).
11- Antimalarials.
12- Anti Emetics.
13- Antiinflammatory(Narcotics).
14- Anti Diuretics.
15- Anticonvulsant.
16- Anti Flarialsis.
17- Antispasmodics.
18- Antidiabetic mellitus.
19- Anti Helmentics.
20- Anesthetic Agents.
21- Broncho Dilators.
22- Disinfectant.
23- Expectorants.
24- Intravenous fluids.
25- Opthalmic Agents.
26- Seddetive.
27- Supportives...,

No:1}- ANALGESICS :- They are group of drugs that are use to Kill or Relief pain in the body. They are also use to Calm or Stimulate the body temperature.
Examples ;-
1- Acetaminophen.
2- Aceclofenac.
7- Analgin.
3- Asetyl (Aspirin).
4- Author Care.
5- Brufen.
5- Chlorxaxone.
7- Chymoral(Chymotropcin).
6- Diclofenac.
7- Dolo meta B.
8- Felden(Piroxicam).
9- Forthwin(Pentazosin).
10- Morphine.
11- Dolo meta B.

No:2}- ANTIBIOTICS :- They are group of drugs that are use in the Rx of Bacterial infections in the body.
Examples ;-
1- Amoxicillin.
2- Gentamycin.
3- Chloramphenicol.
4- Ceftriazone.
5- Flagyl(Metronidazole).
6- Azeethromycin.
7- Doxicycline.
8- Ciprocin.
9- Ampicilline.
10- Erithromycin.
11- Procaine Penicillin.
12- Ampiclox.
13- Cotrimazole.
14- Nitrofrantoin.
15- Amoxyclave.
16- Calatromycin.
17- Stropthomycin.
18- Penicilline.
19- Mist Pot Cit.
20- Detustoride.
21- Tetracyccline.
22- Oflaxacin.
23- Cifixime.
24- Cefruxime.
25- Sporidex.
26- Augumentin.
27- X-pen.
28- Cyplox.
29-
30-

No:3}- ANTI HISTAMINE :- They are group of drugs that are use in the Rx of Allergic or Reaction in the body.
Examples ;-
1- Chlorpheniramine.
2- Diphenhydramine.
3- Hydrocortisone.
4- Adrenaline.

09/02/2025

SU WAYE CUTAR HIV BATA YIMA ILLA?
Dazu nayi Wani rubutu inda nake bayanin cewar akwae mutanen da cutar HIV bata yimusu illa duk da kasancewar tana cikin jininsu, inda wadansu suke tambayar Karin bayani akan hakan. Ga bayanin k**ar haka👇

Acikin jikin mutum akwae wadansu sojoji wadanda aikinsu shine bayar da kariya ga mutum yayin da Wani abin zargi ko Kuma Mai cutarwa ya shiga cikin jiki, wadannan sojoji Kuma acikinsu akwae wadanda Ake cema CD4 cells Wanda sune ainahin wadanda kwayar cutar HIV take yima illa da zarar ta shiga jikin mutum, Wanda yake sanya mutum ya zama ya galabaita sanadiyyar kasheshu.
A jikin kowanne kwayar sojan CD4 cells akwae abinda Ake cema CCR5 Wanda shi k**ar wata alamace ko Kuma tuta wacce kwayar HIV take nema da zarar ta shiga jikin mutum. Saboda haka idan har ajikin CD4 Babu wannan alamar ta CCR5 toh babu yadda zaayi ta iya k**a jikinsa har ta kashe su, sai dai take yawo acikin jiki tana garari batare da yin wata illaba.
Akwae mutanen da suke da nakasar da Ake kira CCR5-delta 32, wanda sune wadanda basuda CCR5 kenan acikin jikinsu. Toh idan kwayar cutar HIV ta shiga jiki, zatake yawone kawae ba tareda ta gane CD4 din ba saboda rashin CCR5 din. Wanda cutar zatake yawone kawae a haka ba tareda tayi illa ga mutum ba.
Shiyasa Daya daga cikin hanyoyin da yanzu Ake amfani dashi wajen kokarin kare mutum daga cutar HIV shine, kokarin bunkasa nakasar CCR5 acikin jikin mutane, ta yadda cutar ba zatayi tasiri ba kenan.
Sannan mutanen da suke da wannan matsalar wato CCR5- delta 32 mutation, suna dauke da cutar ba tare da tayimusu illaba, amman zasu iya gogawa mutane dayawa Kuma tayimusu illa.
Karin bayani:
Hoto na farko, shine mutane wadanda cutar HIV take yimusu illa, kasancewar sunada CCR5, Wanda shine wata jar alama ajiki.
Hoto na biyu Kuma shine wadanda cutar bata yimusu illa saboda rashin CCR5 ajikin kwayar CD4 dinsu, maana basu da wannan jar alamar ajikinsu.

26/01/2025

Stop holding urine for too long. It can be dangerous

Check my comments for explanation 👇🏾

When taken with yogurt, ciprofloxacin may not work as well because calcium in yogurt binds to the antibiotic, making it ...
11/12/2024

When taken with yogurt, ciprofloxacin may not work as well because calcium in yogurt binds to the antibiotic, making it harder for the body to absorb.

Follow me for Educative Health and medication content

03/12/2024

Aslm dafatan kuna lpy ya wannan yanayi damuke ciki Allah fitarmu lpy if u have any questions that need privacy u can chat me up through my Whatsapp number 08137980087
But pls try to bring out important questions which is need medical advice ok

03/12/2024

Low blood pressure (hypotension) can be caused by a variety of factors, which may be temporary or chronic. Here are the common causes:

1. Dehydration

Loss of fluids due to vomiting, diarrhea, excessive sweating, or inadequate fluid intake.

2. Blood Loss

Significant loss of blood due to trauma, surgery, or internal bleeding can lead to a drop in blood pressure.

3. Heart Problems

Bradycardia (slow heart rate)

Heart failure or weakened heart muscles.

Heart valve problems affecting blood flow.

4. Endocrine Disorders

Hypothyroidism or hyperthyroidism.

Adrenal insufficiency (Addison's disease).

Diabetes (due to nerve damage or dehydration).

5. Medications

Diuretics, beta-blockers, and alpha-blockers.

Antidepressants (e.g., tricyclic antidepressants).

Medications for Parkinson's disease.

6. Orthostatic Hypotension

A sudden drop in blood pressure upon standing up, often due to aging, dehydration, or certain medications.

7. Severe Infection (Sepsis)

Widespread infection can lead to septic shock, causing dangerously low blood pressure.

8. Nutritional Deficiencies

Deficiency in vitamins like B12 or folate can lead to anemia, lowering blood pressure.

9. Nervous System Disorders

Conditions like Parkinson’s disease or autonomic dysfunction can impair the regulation of blood pressure.

10. Shock

Severe allergic reactions (anaphylaxis).

Cardiogenic shock (heart-related shock).

Hypovolemic shock (due to low blood volume).

11. Pregnancy

Blood pressure often drops during the first and second trimesters due to hormonal changes.

12. Chronic Conditions

Long-term conditions like chronic fatigue syndrome, fibromyalgia, or postural orthostatic tachycardia syndrome (POTS).

13. Alcohol and Drugs

Excessive alcohol intake or recreational drugs can cause blood pressure to drop.

14. Heat or Overexertion

Prolonged exposure to hot weather or excessive physical activity without proper hydration.

Bawa Yara Under 5 years paracetamol na manya zai Iya zama wani babban hadari ga lafiyarsu ko ya Iya kawo rasa rayuwarsu,...
26/11/2024

Bawa Yara Under 5 years paracetamol na manya zai Iya zama wani babban hadari ga lafiyarsu ko ya Iya kawo rasa rayuwarsu, acikin matsalolin da ake samu musamman idan akasamu overdose sun hada:

- Lalacewar hanta (liver damage), Sannnan zai Iya kawo gazawar aikinta

- Lalacewar koda (kidney damage) yawan shan paracetamol zai Iya illata koda ta ki yin aikinta yanda yak**ata

- Matsalar numfashi (Respiratory depression) yawan doses na paracetamol zai saka rate breathing (numfashi) yayi kasa

- Farfadiya (seizures): paracetamol idan yayi yawa zai Iya taba kwakwalwa Wanda zai Iya kawo seizures musamman ga yara

- Mutuwa(death) paracetamol idan yayi yawa zai zai kawo matsanancin ciwon hanta Wanda zai Iya kasan cewa zai Iya kawo mituwa musamman kananan Yara

WHY ADULT PARACETAMOL IS NOT SUITABLE FOR CHILDREN (ME YASA PARACETAMOL NA MANYA BAI DACE DA YARA BA)

1. Dosage: paracetamol na manya yafi yawan chemical da Kuma adadin yanda zaa Sha akan na Yara.

2. Concentration: abubuwan da suke ciki cikin paracetamol na manya yafi yawa akan na Yara ka ga aikin baya zuwa daya tunda ingredients ba daya ba

WHAT TO DO? (ME YAKAMATA KIYI/KAYI?)

1. Ayi amfani da paracetamol da aka tsara domin Yara.

2. Abi tsarin yanda ake shan maganin Kamar yadda likita ya tsara.

3. Sannnan a tuntubi likita ko maaikacin lafiya domin Karin bayani.

Ba ƙurji ba ne! Tsagawa na iya lahani ga laka ko jijiyoyin laka.Daga cikin tawayar da a kan haifi jarirai da ita akwai t...
25/11/2024

Ba ƙurji ba ne! Tsagawa na iya lahani ga laka ko jijiyoyin laka.

Daga cikin tawayar da a kan haifi jarirai da ita akwai tawayar laka da jijiyoyin laka. Yayin girman sassan jikin tayi a cikin uwa, halittar laka da jijiyoyin laka ba su kai ga cika yadda ya k**ata ba. Saboda haka, ƙashin gadon baya zai yi wabi a daidai wurin. Sak**akon haka, sai laka ko jijiyoyin laka tare da ruwan laka su yi bulli waje k**ar ƙari ko ƙurji a gadon baya.

Alamomin tawayar sun haɗa da:

1. Rauni ko rashin ƙwarin ƙafafu.

2. Matsalolin fitsari ko bahaya.

3. Farfaɗiya.

4. Matsalolin numfashi da sauransu.

Sabuban tawayar

Babu wani tak**aiman sababi da aka sani wanda ke haddasa wannan matsala kai tsaye. Sai dai, ana alaƙanta sababin da gamayyar tasirin muhalli da dangi ko kuma ƙarancin sinadarin vitamin B9, wato folic acid, yayin goyon ciki.

Abin sha'awa game da wannan tawaya shi ne, ana iya gano tawayar tun jariri yana ciki ta hanyar yin hoto — sikanin, musamman ga mata masu zuwa awu asibiti yayin goyon ciki.

Haka nan, ana iya yin tiyata domin gyara tawayar tun jariri yana ciki ko kuma bayan haihuwa.

Daga cikin matakan kariya daga tawayar akwai:

1. Karbar magungunan awun ciki: Magungunan awun ciki sun ƙunshi sinadaran ƙarin jini da sinadarin vitamins waɗanda ke taimakawa wajen rage haɗarin haihuwar jarirai masu tawaya.

2. Cin sinadarin folic acid (vitamin B9): Korayen ganyayyaki, kwanduwar kwai, hatsi da sauransu suna ɗauke da folic acid.

Game da jariran da ake haifar su a gida kuwa, da zarar an lura da wannan tawaya tare da waɗannan alamomi, to a garzaya asibiti domin ganin likita. Sannan kada a yi kasadar bulawa ko tsagawa ko kuma kai wa wanzami domin cirewa. Ba ƙari ba ne! Ba kuma ƙurji ba ne!

Game da raunin ƙafafu kuwa, likitocin fisiyo ne ke kula da matsalolin raunin ƙafafu da irin waɗannan yara ke zuwa da su har su iya tsaiwa da tafiya.

© Adamu Abdullahi
08137980087

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Hadejia
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