HERD International

27/02/2026

औद्योगिक ट्रान्सफ्याटले निम्याएको जनस्वास्थ्य चुनाैती
𝐏𝐮𝐛𝐥𝐢𝐜 𝐇𝐞𝐚𝐥𝐭𝐡 𝐂𝐡𝐚𝐥𝐥𝐞𝐧𝐠𝐞𝐬 𝐏𝐨𝐬𝐞𝐝 𝐛𝐲 𝐈𝐧𝐝𝐮𝐬𝐭𝐫𝐢𝐚𝐥 𝐓𝐫𝐚𝐧𝐬f𝐚𝐭𝐬

औद्योगिक ट्रान्सफ्याट मिसाइएका खाद्य पदार्थको उपभोग जनस्वास्थ्यका लागि गम्भीर चुनौती बनेको छ। यस्ता खाद्य पदार्थका कारण उत्पन्न हुने रोगहरूको उपचार खर्च बढ्दै जाँदा दीर्घकालीन रूपमा आर्थिक भार समेत थपिँदै गएको छ। औद्योगिक ट्रान्सफ्याट नियन्त्रण गर्न ठोस नीतिगत सुधारको जरूरी छ । यस विषयमा जनस्वास्थ्यकर्मी, खाद्य पदार्थ उत्पादक, नीति निर्माता तथा उपभोक्ता सबै गम्भीर बन्ने समय आएको छ।

पढौँ, अनलाइन खबरमा प्रकाशित यी सामग्रीहरूः

बजारमा छ्यापछ्याप्ती ‘ट्रान्सफ्याट’ युक्त खाना, मुटु र मस्तिष्कले तिर्दैछ जुर्माना
https://www.onlinekhabar.com/2026/02/1879633/oily-food-is-rampant-in-the-market-heart-and-brain-are-paying-the-penalty

‘दुई प्रतिशतभन्दा बढी हुनै नहुने ट्रान्सफ्याट १५ प्रतिशतसम्म’
https://www.onlinekhabar.com/2026/02/1879637/trans-fat-should-not-exceed-two-percent-up-to-15-percent

ट्रान्सफ्याट : मुटुलाई विस्तारै बिगार्ने ‘मौन विष’
https://www.onlinekhabar.com/2026/02/1879635/transfats-the-silent-poison-that-slowly-damages-the-heart

जनस्वास्थ्यका यी गम्भिर मु्द्दा उठाएकोमा OnlineKhabar लाई धन्यवाद ।

१५ फागुन, काठमाडौं। ‘सबैभन्दा नराम्रो चिल्लो केमा पाइन्छ ?’ वरिष्ठ मुटुरोग विशेषज्ञ डा. ओममूर्ति अनिलले आफूकहाँ .....

19/02/2026

स्वास्थ्यमा चिनीको असर: तथ्यांक के भन्छ, नीति किन जरूरी छ ?
𝐓𝐡𝐞 𝐂𝐨𝐬𝐭 𝐨𝐟 𝐒𝐮𝐠𝐚𝐫 𝐨𝐧 𝐇𝐞𝐚𝐥𝐭𝐡:𝐖𝐡𝐚𝐭 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐄𝐯𝐢𝐝𝐞𝐧𝐜𝐞 𝐒𝐡𝐨𝐰𝐬 𝐚𝐧𝐝 𝐖𝐡𝐲 𝐏𝐨𝐥𝐢𝐜𝐲 𝐀𝐜𝐭𝐢𝐨𝐧 𝐌𝐚𝐭𝐭𝐞𝐫𝐬

नेपालमा अत्यधिक चिनी मिसिएको पेय पदार्थ र प्रशोधित खानाको बढ्दो उपभोगले मोटोपना, मधुमेह र हृदय रोग जस्ता गैर–सर्ने रोगहरू तीव्र रूपमा बढाइरहेको तथ्यांकहरूले देखाउँछन् । यस्ता रोगका कारण स्वास्थ्य प्रणालीमा उपचार खर्च र दीर्घकालीन आर्थिक भार बढ्दै गएको छ । यस अवस्थामा जनस्वास्थ्यको संरक्षण र प्रबर्धनका लागि चिनीजन्य पेयमा कर (SSB tax), पोषणसम्बन्धी स्पष्ट लेबलिङ, विज्ञापन नियमन र उपभोग घटाउने नीतिगत हस्तक्षेप आवश्यक देखिन्छ । तथ्यमा आधारित नीति र प्रभावकारी कार्यान्वयन बिना NCD को जोखिम कम गर्न असहज हुने स्पष्ट संकेत यो समाचारले दिएको छ ।

अत्यधिक चिनीमिश्रित खानाले रोग बढाउँदा उपचारको भार | Kantipur Samachar TV HD को सम्पूर्ण कार्यक्रम Youtube मा सम...

19/02/2026

𝐑𝐞𝐟𝐥𝐞𝐜𝐭𝐢𝐨𝐧𝐬 𝐟𝐫𝐨𝐦 𝐦𝐮𝐥𝐭𝐢-𝐬𝐞𝐜𝐭𝐨𝐫 𝐃𝐚𝐭𝐚 𝐆𝐨𝐯𝐞𝐫𝐧𝐚𝐧𝐜𝐞 𝐖𝐨𝐫𝐤𝐬𝐡𝐨𝐩

The Nepal National Statistics Office (NSO), in collaboration with HERD International, conducted a workshop in Nepal on February 6, 2026. This forum was an opportunity for multi-sector stakeholders across , , , and to discuss the importance of data governance in Nepal, the pillars that make up good governance, and the need for greater collaboration, coordination, and partnerships.

Participants were welcomed by Mr. Manohar Ghimire and Mr. Dundhiraj Lamichhane, Director and Deputy Chief Statistician respectively at the NSO, who set the scene for the workshop and its objectives. Dr Prakash Budhathoki, Chief of the Health Emergency and Operations Center (HEOC) within the Ministry of Health and Population (MoHP), highlighted how crucial it is to collect, analyse, and promote data use for , contextual and . Dr Kamal Prasad Pokhrel, Chief Statistician at the NSO, then spoke of the national data system and the data collection process from various sectors across multiple tiers, including the private sector.

Dr Sharad Kumar Sharma of the NSO provided further details about data governance and the statistical system in Nepal. He was followed by Dr. Sushil Baral of HERD International, who provided an overview of data use in the policy development process, focusing largely on the health sector, and shared a detailed example of HERD International’s ongoing work in Budhanilkantha Municipality to fill data gaps.

Mr. Binod Sharan Acharya, Director at the NSO, then gave an insightful look into the major censuses, surveys, and indicators that make up Nepal’s statistical system, followed by Mr. Manohar Ghimire, also of the NSO, who highlighted the UN’s tagline, “ ”. He stressed the need to enhance data use, services, products, sources, and infrastructure to improve our international standing.

He was followed by Ms. Jyoti KC, Director at the NSO, who spoke of the recent meeting of the National Statistical Council and the decisions made therein. As many ministries are involved in data collection, and they all have a responsibility to provide quality, timely data, she asked a representative from the Ministry of Finance to provide an example of how they would fulfil the directives from the Council.

Participants were engaged and curious throughout the workshop, which was well summarised by Dr Deepak Karki from the British Embassy in Kathmandu, who spoke of the many opportunities highlighted during the workshop to enhance data use for policy making. He also highlighted that Analysis for Action is more than just a source of technical assistance, it is a partnership between the UK Office for National Statistics and the NSO. As Nepal approaches graduation to a lower-middle income country, this partnership, and the role played by the NSO, becomes even more significant.

The Nepal National Statistics Office (NSO), in collaboration with HERD International, conducted a workshop on data governance in Nepal on February 6, 2026. T...

16/02/2026

चिनी मिश्रित पेयपदार्थ र खानेकुराले बढाँउदै छ स्वास्थ्य जोखिम
𝙎𝙪𝙜𝙖𝙧-𝙨𝙬𝙚𝙚𝙩𝙚𝙣𝙚𝙙 𝙗𝙚𝙫𝙚𝙧𝙖𝙜𝙚𝙨 (𝙎𝙎𝘽𝙨) 𝙖𝙣𝙙 𝙨𝙪𝙜𝙖𝙧𝙮 𝙛𝙤𝙤𝙙𝙨 𝙞𝙣𝙘𝙧𝙚𝙖𝙨𝙚𝙨 𝙝𝙚𝙖𝙡𝙩𝙝 𝙧𝙞𝙨𝙠𝙨

नेपालमा चिनी मिसिएका पेय पदार्थको तथा खानेकुराको बढ्दो उपभोगले मधुमेह, मुटुरोग जस्ता दीर्घ रोगको जोखिम तीव्र रूपमा बढाइरहेको छ । यो समस्या केवल व्यक्तिको खानपानसम्बन्धी व्यवहारमा सीमित विषय होइन, यो समग्र खाद्य प्रणाली, बजार संरचना र नीतिसँग जोडिएको विषय हो ।
यस्ता पेय पदार्थ र खाने कुराबाट हुने स्वास्थ्य जोखिमलाई दीर्घकालीनरूपमा सम्बोधन गर्न नीतिगत सुधारको जरूरी छ । कान्तिपुर टेलिभिजनबाट प्रशारित यो समाचारले नेपालमा चिनी मिसिएका पेय पदार्थको तथा खानेकुराको बढ्दो प्रयोग र यसले निम्त्याउने स्वास्थ्य जोखिमबारे जानकारी दिँदै हाम्रो व्यवहार परिवर्तन र प्रभावकारी नीतिको आवश्यकता रहेको प्रष्ट सन्देश दिएको छ ।

Kantipur TV HD को सम्पूर्ण कार्यक्रम Youtube मा समयमै हेर्न र कार्यक्रम बारे जानकारी प्राप्त गर्न हामीसँग Youtube मा जोडिनुहोस् : https:...

16/02/2026

From July to November 2025, a Survey was conducted in two phases under the leadership of the Nepal National Statistics Office, in technical partnership with HERD International, as part of the Analysis for Action project. Data collection in diverse geographic and cultural settings brings numerous challenges and opportunities for , especially women. Read on to hear the voices of several of these women as they reflect on their experiences and share their biggest takeaways from the field.

Analysis for Action (formerly the Pandemic Preparedness Toolkit Project) is a five-year project (2023 to 2028), funded by Wellcome, which aims to equip

13/02/2026

𝐋𝐞𝐬𝐬𝐨𝐧𝐬 𝐟𝐫𝐨𝐦 𝐒𝐡𝐮𝐝𝐝𝐡𝐨𝐝𝐡𝐚𝐧 𝐑𝐮𝐫𝐚𝐥 𝐌𝐮𝐧𝐢𝐜𝐢𝐩𝐚𝐥𝐢𝐭𝐲 𝐨𝐧 𝐇𝐞𝐚𝐥𝐭𝐡 𝐒𝐲𝐬𝐭𝐞𝐦 𝐒𝐭𝐫𝐞𝐧𝐠𝐭𝐡𝐞𝐧𝐢𝐧𝐠

Shuddhodhan Rural Municipality in Kapilvastu District, Lumbini Province, shared experiences and lessons learned from initiatives implemented over the past two years to health system in the municipality.

To make the local health system more efficient and responsive, the Rural Municipality adopted an e-bidding system for medicine procurement and supply management, ensuring the timely availability of medicines, safe storage, regular expiry-date checks, and a strengthened record-keeping system. Health workers have received training in key areas including maternal and newborn health, HMIS, family planning, immunization, nutrition, and non-communicable diseases, according to the Health Section.

The Health Section also noted that efforts to strengthen the capacity of Female Community Health Volunteers and health mothers’ groups, along with community dialogue sessions on health risks and service-seeking behaviors, and regular coordination and collaboration among health workers at the community level, have increased trust, motivation, and effective implementation of health plans.

While these efforts have resulted in notable improvements in data quality, maternal health services, governance, and community participation, stakeholders acknowledged that several challenges remain. These include inadequate standard-compliant physical infrastructure and medical equipment in some health facilities, limited activeness of health facility operation and management committees, and the ongoing need to further improve data quality.

The learning-sharing event was attended by the Mayor, Deputy Mayor, health facility in-charges, Female Community Health Volunteers, ward chairs, and section chiefs from the Rural Municipality.

𝐊𝐞𝐲 𝐋𝐞𝐬𝐬𝐨𝐧𝐬

* Simple and consistent practices such as regular meetings, data review, and monitoring, can produce concrete and sustainable results in strengthening the health system.

* Regular use and analysis of health data from HMIS, DHIS2, RDQA, and other sources strengthens evidence-based planning, budgeting, and decision-making processes.

* Onsite coaching, mentoring, and active health facility management committees enhance health workers’ skills, confidence, accountability, and service quality.

* Collaboration among elected representatives, health workers, and communities, supported by political commitment and adequate budget allocation, is essential for sustaining health service improvements.


ReBUILD Consortium

12/02/2026

𝐁𝐮𝐢𝐥𝐝𝐢𝐧𝐠 𝐚 𝐑𝐞𝐬𝐢𝐥𝐢𝐞𝐧𝐭 𝐋𝐨𝐜𝐚𝐥 𝐇𝐞𝐚𝐥𝐭𝐡 𝐒𝐲𝐬𝐭𝐞𝐦 𝐭𝐡𝐫𝐨𝐮𝐠𝐡 𝐄𝐯𝐢𝐝𝐞𝐧𝐜𝐞: 𝐋𝐞𝐬𝐬𝐨𝐧𝐬 𝐟𝐫𝐨𝐦 𝐊𝐚𝐩𝐢𝐥𝐯𝐚𝐬𝐭𝐮 𝐋𝐞𝐚𝐫𝐧𝐢𝐧𝐠 𝐒𝐢𝐭𝐞

A lesson-sharing was held in Kapilvastu Municipality reflecting on a research-based initiative implemented over the past five years to strengthen the local health system.

The initiative was implemented by HERD International in partnership with Kapilvastu Municipality, focusing on identifying gaps in the local health system and strengthening its resilience capacity through quality data, improved governance mechanisms, and evidence-informed policies and practice as part of ReBUILD Consortium .

The event was attended by the Mayor, ward chairpersons, municipal section heads, and health workers from local health facilities.

Sharing the reflections, Uma Thapa, Nursing Officer at the Municipality, noted that key challenges such as limited use of data in policies, resource and skilled workforce constraints, weak coordination, and gaps in monitoring and risk management were identified during the initial assessment. Health Section Chief Umesh Prasad Gupta highlighted significant progress in recent years, including improved data production and use, better workforce management, and participatory and data-driven planning from ward to municipal level.

Sudip Pokharel, Mayor of the Municipality, emphasized that evidence-based decision-making has improved problem identification, program effectiveness, resource allocation and use, and public trust.

𝗞𝗲𝘆 𝗟𝗲𝘀𝘀𝗼𝗻𝘀 𝗟𝗲𝗮𝗿𝗻𝗲𝗱:

✔ Ward-level identification and prioritization of health problems is essential.
✔ Health budgets should be guided by evidence and local needs.
✔ Community participation strengthens ownership, transparency, and accountability.
✔ Regular use of HMIS and health data should guide decisions.
✔ Institutionalizing evidence-based practices is key to a resilient health system

09/02/2026

कपिलवस्तु नगरपालिकामा स्वास्थ्य प्रणाली सुदृढीकरणका अनुभव र सिकाइ आदान–प्रदान
ReBUILD Consortium
कपिलवस्तु नगरपालिकामा स्थानीय स्वास्थ्य प्रणाली सुदृढीकरणका लागि विगत पाँच वर्षदेखि कार्यान्वयन गरिएका अनुसन्धानमा आधारित नीति तथा कार्यक्रमहरूको अनुभव र सिकाइ आदान–प्रदान गरिएको छ ।

नगरपालिकाको स्वास्थ्य शाखाद्वारा आयोजित उक्त कार्यक्रममा परिवर्तन हुँदै गएको रोगको प्रवृत्ति, स्थानीय स्वास्थ्य प्रणालीको अवस्थाबारे गरिएको मूल्याङ्कन, तथ्यांकमा आधारित नीति तथा कार्यक्रमहरूले स्वास्थ्य सेवाको पहुँचमा पारेको सकारात्मक प्रभावसम्बन्धी अनुभव र सिकाइ आदान–प्रदान गरिएको थियो ।

कार्यक्रममा नगर प्रमुख, नगरपालिकाका शाखा प्रमुखहरू, वडा अध्यक्षहरू तथा स्थानीय स्वास्थ्य संस्थाका स्वास्थ्यकर्मीहरूको उपस्थिति रहेको थियो।

कपिलवस्तु नगरपालिकाको स्वास्थ्य प्रणालीको अवस्था अध्ययन गर्दा स्थानीय नीतिमा तथ्यांकको अपर्याप्त प्रयोग, सीमित स्रोतसाधन तथा दक्ष जनशक्तिको अभाव, समन्वयमा कमी, कमजोर अनुगमन–मूल्याङ्कन प्रणाली तथा स्वास्थ्यसँग सम्बन्धित जोखिमहरूको सम्बोधनका लागि स्पष्ट संयन्त्रको अभाव रहेको पाइएको स्वास्थ्य शाखाका नर्सिङ अधिकृत उमा थापाले बताउनुभयो ।

त्यसैगरी स्वास्थ्य शाखा प्रमुख उमेश प्रसाद गुप्ताले ती नतिजाका आधारमा विगत केही वर्षयता नगरपालिकाले गुणस्तरीय तथ्यांकको उत्पादन, व्यवस्थापन, विश्लेषण तथा प्रयोगमा उल्लेखनीय सुधार ल्याएको, मानवीय स्रोतलाई व्यवस्थित गरिएको तथा सहभागितामूलक ढंगले वडादेखि नगरपालिकास्तरसम्म तथ्यांकमा आधारित नीति, योजना, बजेट र कार्यक्रम निर्माणको अभ्यास थालिएको जानकारी दिनुभयो।

तथ्यांकको प्रयोगले समस्या पहिचान र विश्लेषण सहज हुने, कार्यक्रमको प्रभावकारिता मापन गर्न सकिने, स्रोतसाधनको सही उपयोग हुने तथा जनताको विश्वास अर्जन गर्न सकिने अनुभव हासिल भएको अनुभव नगर प्रमुख सुदीप पोखरेलले व्यक्त गर्नुभयो।

कपिलवस्तु नगरपालिकाले हर्ड इन्टरनेशनलसँगको साझेदारीमा स्थानीय स्वास्थ्य प्रणाली सुदृढीकरणसम्बन्धी अध्ययन तथा अध्ययनमा आधारित नीति, योजना र कार्यक्रम निर्माणको अभ्यासमा जोड दिँदै आएको छ।

मुख्य सिकाइहरू

* वडास्तरमै स्वास्थ्य समस्या पहिचान र प्राथमिकता निर्धारणलाई संस्थागत गर्न आवश्यक छ। यसले स्थानीय सन्दर्भअनुसार स्वास्थ्य आवश्यकता पहिचान गर्न र लक्षित कार्यक्रम बनाउन सहयोग पुर्‍याउँछ।

* स्थानीय स्वास्थ्य बजेट निर्धारण गर्दा प्रमाण र आवश्यकतामा आधारित प्राथमिकता प्रणाली अपनाउनुपर्छ। यसो गर्दा सीमित स्रोतसाधनको प्रभावकारी उपयोग भई सेवाको पहुँच र प्रभावकारिता दुवैमा सुधार आउँछ।

* स्वास्थ्य योजना तथा बजेट प्रक्रियामा समुदायको सुझाव र सहभागितालाई अनिवार्य बनाउनुपर्छ । समुदायको सक्रिय सहभागिताले कार्यक्रमप्रतिको स्वामित्व, पारदर्शिता र जवाफदेहिता सुदृढ गर्दछ।

* HMIS तथा स्वास्थ्य तथ्यांकको नियमित र व्यवस्थित प्रयोगलाई निर्णय प्रक्रियाको मूल आधार बनाइनुपर्छ । तथ्यांकमा आधारित विश्लेषणले स्वास्थ्य सेवा आवश्यकतालाई योजना र बजेटसँग प्रत्यक्ष रूपमा जोड्न सहयोग पुर्‍याउँछ।

* प्रमाणमा आधारित निर्णय अभ्यासलाई स्थानीय शासन प्रणालीको नियमित प्रक्रियाका रूपमा संस्थागत गर्नुपर्छ । यसले स्वास्थ्य प्रणालीलाई थप उत्थानशील, समावेशी र दिगो बनाउन महत्वपूर्ण भूमिका खेल्दछ।

09/02/2026

Reannouncement! We are looking for a Project Coordinator! Scan the QR Code below or visit our website to apply by Monday, February 16, 2026.
https://herdint.com/vacancy/vacancy-reannouncement-project-coordinator-for-jumla/

05/02/2026

संस्कृति र स्वास्थ्यबीच के कस्तो सम्बन्ध छ ?
संस्कृतिलाई हेर्ने परम्परागत दृष्टिकोणमा परिवर्तन आवश्यक छ कि छैन ?
देशको स्वास्थ्य प्रणालीमा सांस्कृतिक पक्षलाई कति हदसम्म ध्यान दिइएको छ ?
निकै कम बहस भएको यस महत्वपूर्ण विषयमा हामीले यस पोडकास्टमार्फत दुई जना विज्ञसँग संवाद गरेका छौँ। यस अंकमा समाजशास्त्री तथा जनस्वास्थ्य विज्ञ श्री माधव प्रसाद चौलागाईं र श्री वामदेव सुवेदीसँग संस्कृति र स्वास्थ्यबीचको अन्तरसम्बन्धबारे गहन चिन्तन र विचार–विमर्श गरिएको छ।
नोटः यो संवाद सेप्टेम्बर २०२५ मा रेकर्ड गरिएको हो । यस पोडकास्टमा सहभागी वक्ता श्री माधव प्रसाद चौलागाईं हाल नेपाल सरकारका माननीय मन्त्री हुनुहुन्छ । यहाँ व्यक्त गरिएका विचारहरूले उहाँको वर्तमान पद वा उहाँसँग सम्बद्ध मन्त्रालयको आधिकारिक धारणा प्रतिनिधित्व गर्दैनन्।
Madhav Chaulagain
Bamdev Subedi
Aney Rijal

What kind of relationship exists between culture and health?Is a change needed in the traditional way we view culture?To what extent has the cultural dimensi...

05/02/2026

𝐀𝐩𝐩𝐥𝐲𝐢𝐧𝐠 𝐚𝐧 𝐈𝐧𝐭𝐞𝐫𝐬𝐞𝐜𝐭𝐢𝐨𝐧𝐚𝐥 𝐋𝐞𝐧𝐬 𝐭𝐨 𝐔𝐫𝐛𝐚𝐧 𝐇𝐞𝐚𝐥𝐭𝐡 𝐈𝐧𝐞𝐪𝐮𝐢𝐭𝐢𝐞𝐬

At the regional policy forum - Urban Health Systems : Research Evidence to Inform Health Policy and Systems, West Africa, Accra, Ghana, Abriti Arjyal, Research Manager at HERD International, presented findings from an ethnographic study titled “Reaching and Understanding Urban Health Inequities: Applying an Intersectional Approach to Inform Urban Health Policy Strengthening in Nepal.” This study was a part of Innovation Fund scheme under Community-led Responsive and Effective Urban Health Systems (CHORUS) Research Programme Consortium.

𝐄𝐭𝐡𝐧𝐨𝐠𝐫𝐚𝐩𝐡𝐢𝐜 𝐀𝐩𝐩𝐫𝐨𝐚𝐜𝐡

The study employed an ethnographic methodology in the Bishnumati Corridor of Kathmandu Metropolitan City, an area characterized by unplanned urban growth and informal settlements. Data collection methods included social mapping, transect walks, in-depth interviews with urban marginalized populations, key informant interviews and informal interactions. This approach enabled the research team to capture lived experiences and unexplored dimensions of urban marginalisation often missed in routine data.

𝐊𝐞𝐲 𝐅𝐢𝐧𝐝𝐢𝐧𝐠𝐬

Findings revealed that urban health inequities are shaped by intersecting vulnerabilities, including migration status, gender, ethnicity, occupation, income insecurity, legal documentation, housing conditions, and environmental risks. Care-seeking pathways were found to be non-linear and adaptive, with informal providers such as local pharmacies, traditional healers, and home remedies, often serving as the first point of care. Decisions about when and where to seek care were influenced by economic constraints, gendered power relations, social norms, trust, and legal exclusion, resulting in delayed or foregone formal healthcare.

𝐏𝐨𝐥𝐢𝐜𝐲 𝐑𝐞𝐥𝐞𝐯𝐚𝐧𝐜𝐞

The study highlighted a gap between national policy commitments to equity and their operationalization in urban settings. Applying an intersectional lens is essential for designing inclusive urban health policies that respond to the realities of marginalized urban populations. The findings offer important lessons for policymakers in Nepal and other rapidly urbanizing Lower and Middle Income Countries (LMICs) to strengthen urban primary healthcare and ensure that no urban group is left behind.

Abriti Arjyal Sushil Baral