Loksewa for MLT

12/10/2025

Malarial Parasite Test (Peripheral Blood Smear Examination)
1. Objective:
The objective of the malarial parasite test was to detect the presence of Plasmodium species in the blood and help in diagnosing malaria infection.
2. Principle:
The test was based on microscopic examination of stained thick and thin blood films. Thick smears concentrated the parasites for easy detection, while thin smears helped identify the Plasmodium species based on morphology. Giemsa or Leishman stains were used to visualize parasites within red blood cells.
3. Materials:
• Patient’s blood sample (finger prick or EDTA blood)
• Clean glass slides and cover slips
• Lancet
• Methanol (for fixation of thin smear)
• Giemsa or Leishman stain
• Distilled water
• Microscope
• Immersion oil
4. Procedure (Microscopic):
1. A drop of blood was collected by finger prick.
2. Two smears were prepared:
o Thick smear: Spread a large drop in a circular area to concentrate parasites.
o Thin smear: Spread a small drop into a thin film with a feathered edge.
3. The thin smear was air-dried and fixed with methanol; the thick smear was left unfixed.
4. Both smears were stained with diluted Giemsa stain for about 10 minutes.
5. The slides were washed gently, air-dried, and examined under a microscope using oil immersion.
6. The presence and species of Plasmodium were identified based on parasite morphology.
5. Result:
• Positive: Malarial parasites such as Plasmodium falciparum, P. vivax, P. malariae, or P. ovale were seen in red blood cells.
• Negative: No malarial parasite was seen in the examined fields.
• Parasite density could be estimated in thick films.
6. Uses:
• To confirm malaria infection
• To identify the specific Plasmodium species
• To estimate parasite density and monitor treatment response
• To differentiate malaria from other febrile illnesses
7. Consultation:
Patients with a positive result were advised to consult a physician for antimalarial treatment. In severe cases, hospitalization was reco

12/10/2025

Thyroid Function Test
1. Objective:
The objective of the thyroid function test was to measure the levels of thyroid hormones in the blood to assess the function of the thyroid gland and diagnose thyroid disorders.
2. Principle:
The test was based on immunoassay techniques that detected and measured thyroid hormones (T3, T4) and thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) using antigen-antibody reactions. The amount of hormone bound to the antibody indicated its concentration in the blood.
3. Materials:
• Patient’s serum sample
• Test kits for T3, T4, and TSH (ELISA or Chemiluminescent kits)
• Micropipettes and tips
• Test tubes or microplates
• Incubator
• Wash buffer
• Reader (ELISA or CLIA analyzer)
4. Procedure (Microscopic/Analytical):
1. The serum sample was collected and labeled properly.
2. Reagents and standards were prepared according to the manufacturer’s instructions.
3. Specific wells were coated with antibodies for T3, T4, and TSH.
4. Patient serum was added to each well, allowing the hormones to bind with the coated antibodies.
5. After incubation, the wells were washed to remove unbound materials.
6. Enzyme-labeled secondary antibodies were added and incubated again.
7. The reaction was stopped, and the color intensity was measured using an ELISA reader.
8. The hormone levels were calculated from the standard curve.
5. Result:
• Normal Ranges (may vary slightly):
o T3: 80–200 ng/dL
o T4: 5–12 µg/dL
o TSH: 0.4–4.0 mIU/L
• Interpretation:
o High T3/T4 with low TSH → Hyperthyroidism
o Low T3/T4 with high TSH → Hypothyroidism
o Normal values → Euthyroid (normal thyroid function)
6. Uses:
• To evaluate thyroid gland function
• To diagnose hyperthyroidism and hypothyroidism
• To monitor thyroid treatment
• To screen newborns for congenital hypothyroidism
• To assess pituitary function related to thyroid regulation
7. Consultation:
Patients with abnormal thyroid levels were advised to consult an endocrinologist. Follow-up tests such as Free T3, Free T4, Anti-TPO antib

11/10/2025

Urinalysis test
1. Objective
To examine urine for physical, chemical, and microscopic abnormalities for the diagnosis and monitoring of various diseases.
2. Principle
Urine reflects the metabolic and pathological state of the body. Physical properties, chemical composition, and microscopic elements such as cells, crystals, and microbes are analyzed to detect disorders.
3. Materials
• Clean, dry urine container
• Test strips (for chemical analysis)
• Microscope and slides
• Centrifuge
• Reagents for microscopic examination (optional)
4. Procedure (Microscopic)
1. Collected a fresh urine sample in a clean container.
2. Observed physical properties: color, clarity, odor.
3. Performed chemical analysis using test strips for glucose, protein, ketones, bilirubin, pH, etc.
4. Centrifuged 10 mL of urine at 2000 rpm for 5 minutes.
5. Decanted supernatant and examined sediment under the microscope using a drop of sediment on a slide with a cover slip.
5. Result
• Normal: Clear to light yellow, negative for protein/glucose/blood, few epithelial cells, no crystals or bacteria.
• Abnormal: Cloudy urine, positive chemical tests, presence of RBCs, WBCs, casts, crystals, or bacteria.
6. Uses
• Diagnosis of urinary tract infections, kidney diseases, diabetes, and metabolic disorders
• Monitoring treatment response and disease progression
7. Consultation
Results were interpreted and reported to the physician for diagnosis, treatment planning, and further investigations if required.

11/10/2025

Hematocrit (HCT/PCV) Test
1. Objective:
The objective of the test was to determine the proportion of red blood cells in whole blood, expressed as a percentage, to assess oxygen-carrying capacity and detect anemia or polycythemia.

2. Principle:
The principle of the test was based on centrifugation of anticoagulated blood in a capillary tube. The heavier red blood cells packed at the bottom, while plasma remained on top. The packed cell volume (PCV) was measured and expressed as a percentage of the total blood volume.

3. Materials:
• Capillary hematocrit tubes
• Anticoagulated blood sample (EDTA)
• Sealing clay or wax
• Microhematocrit centrifuge
• Microhematocrit reader scale
• Cotton and spirit
• Lancet

4. Procedure (Microscopic):
1. The fingertip was cleaned with spirit and pricked with a sterile lancet.
2. Blood was collected in a capillary tube up to two-thirds of its length.
3. One end of the tube was sealed with sealing clay.
4. The tube was placed in a microhematocrit centrifuge with the sealed end facing outward and centrifuged at 10,000–12,000 rpm for 5 minutes.
5. After centrifugation, the column of red blood cells, buffy coat, and plasma was clearly visible.
6. The hematocrit value was read using a microhematocrit reader.
7. A smear was prepared and examined microscopically to assess red cell morphology when needed.

5. Result:
The hematocrit value was found to be within or outside the normal range (Normal range:
• Males: 40–54%
• Females: 36–48%).

6. Uses:
• To diagnose anemia, polycythemia, or dehydration.
• To monitor treatment response in hematological disorders.
• To evaluate blood loss.
• To support diagnosis of various systemic diseases.

7. Consultation:
If the hematocrit level was low, the patient was advised to consult a physician for further investigation of anemia or blood loss. If it was high, dehydration or underlying diseases like polycythemia were considered for medical review.

11/10/2025

AFB (Acid-Fast Bacilli) test
1. Objective
To detect the presence of Acid-Fast Bacilli, mainly Mycobacterium tuberculosis, in clinical specimens.
2. Principle
AFB have a waxy cell wall containing mycolic acid, which resists ordinary staining. The Ziehl-Neelsen stain uses carbol fuchsin to pe*****te the waxy layer. Acid-alcohol decolorizes non-acid-fast cells, and methylene blue counterstains them. Acid-fast bacilli retain red color.
3. Materials
• Microscope slides
• Clinical specimen (sputum, pus, tissue)
• Carbol fuchsin stain
• Acid-alcohol (decolorizer)
• Methylene blue (counterstain)
• Bunsen burner or heating source
• Immersion oil
• Microscope
4. Procedure (Microscopic)
1. Smear the specimen thinly on a slide and air-dried.
2. Heat-fix the smear gently over a flame.
3. Flood the smear with carbol fuchsin and gently heat until steam rises, then let it sit for 5 minutes.
4. Rinse with water.
5. Decolorize with acid-alcohol for 1–2 minutes.
6. Rinse with water.
7. Counterstain with methylene blue for 1–2 minutes.
8. Rinse and blot dry.
9. Examine under oil immersion (100x objective).
5. Result
• Positive: Red, slender, rod-shaped bacilli observed against a blue background.
• Negative: No red bacilli seen; only blue-stained background cells.
6. Uses
• Diagnosis of tuberculosis and other mycobacterial infections.
• Monitoring treatment response in TB patients.
7. Consultation
Positive AFB results were reported to the physician for further evaluation and treatment planning. Negative results were interpreted with clinical correlation.

14/03/2024

लोकसेवा आयोग तथा कुनै पनि प्रतिस्पर्धात्मक परीक्षाको तयारी गर्दा कसरी गर्ने !!! !?????

प्रथम चरण:

* कुन पद/तहको तयारी गर्ने निश्चित गर्नुहोस्।
* मुल पुस्तक(Syllabus Oriented Guides) र सन्दर्भ सामाग्री(Reference Books) संकलन गर्नुहोस्।
* लक्ष्य प्राप्तिको समयसीमा(Deadline) तोक्नुहोस्।
* लक्ष्य प्राप्तिको लागि आवश्यक योजना(Planning) र रणनीति(Strategy) तयार गर्नुहोस्।
* अब शुरूवात(Start Reading) गर्नुहोस्।
* SMART Study

दोस्रो चरण: अध्ययन, लेखन र सन्तुलन/तालमेल

* अध्ययनमा निरन्तरता (Continuity) दिनुहोस्। हरेक दिन जति भएपनि (आधा, १/२/३/४...घण्टा ) पढ्ने र सँगसँगै लेख्ने (टिपोट) गर्ने गर्नुहोस्।

* विभिन्न पत्रपत्रिकाका(Daily Newspapers) दैनिक लेख, समाचार, र सरकारी पत्रीका(Magazines/Special Editions) विशेषांक पढ्नुहोस्। र साथै महत्त्वपूर्ण कुरा नोट गर्दै जानुहोस्।
- जस्तै: सोपान , अन्तरास्ट्रिय मञ्च, कान्तिपुर , गोरखापत्र , आर्थिक अभियान , The Kathmandu Post, etc.
- प्रशासन, पराग, निजामती , कर्मचारी , JOPA, CAMAD, कानुन, आदि।
- माथिल्लो तहको/पदको पुस्तक अध्ययन गर्नुहोस्। शाखा अधिकृतको तयारी गर्दैहुनुहुन्छ भने- उपसचिव र सहसचिवको लागि लेखिएका पुस्तक र सन्दर्भ सामाग्रीहरुको पनि अध्ययन गर्नुहोस्।
* गहिराइमा गएर अध्ययन गर्नुहोस्। हरेक पक्षको अध्ययन।

* सकारात्मक सोच (Positive Mentality) को निर्माण गर्नुहोस्।
- मेहेनतमा विश्वास (Believe in Hard Work)
- आत्मविश्वास (Self-confidence)
- भयबाट मुक्ति (Fearless)
- कल्पनाशक्ति (Do Imagination)
- खुशी र रहर गरेर पढ्नुहोस् (Read Happily)
- स्वाध्ययन (Self-study)
- स्वप्रेरित (Self-motivated)
- अरुका राम्रा सुझाव मान्ने (Follow good suggestions)
- Auto-suggestion
- Imagination and Visualization
- Never Complain
- Face the Challenges
- Solve your Problems
- Be Optimistic

* यी कुराको व्यवस्थापन गर्नुहोस्।
- Time Management
- Stress Management
- Money Management
- Personal, Family and Friendship (Relations) Management

* यी कुरालाई प्रेम गर्नुहोस्:
- नयाँ कुराको खोजी (Learning New things )
- अध्ययन र लेखन (Reading and Writing)
- आफुलाई र अरुलाई (Yourself and Others)
- Your Family, Friends, supporte

08/01/2024

15/12/2023

https://quizzory.in/id/657c2f2447d2700862cb2577

Quiz

17/11/2023

Significant titre of A*O test by latex Agglutination is;

A.>200 IU/ml
B.10 IU/ml
D.

14/10/2023

Causes of Glucosuria
- Diabetes mellitus
- Renal Glucosuria
- Severe Burns
- Administration of Corticosteroids
- Severe sepsis
- Pregnancy
#

12/10/2023

Normal Range of Immunoglobulin
Sample :- Serum
1. IgG :- 700-1700 mg/dl
2. IgA :- 70-350 mg/dl
3. IgM :-:50-300 mg/dl
4. IgD :- 0-14 mg/dl
5. IgE :-

04/10/2023

Congratulations to us
सार्वजनिक बिदा दिने विश्वका ४८ देशको सूची सार्वजनिक गरेको छ । जसमा वर्षभरि ३५ दिन सार्वजनिक बिदासहित नेपाल पहिलो स्थानमा छ।सयद प्रदेश , स्थानिय तह बाट दिइने बधाई देखि थकाइ सम्मका विदा त थाह नै छैनहोला विदेशिलाई …..