03/08/2014
Healthy Reminder
C24/7 for **alCancer
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Colon cancer is cancer of the large intestine (colon), the lower part of your digestive system. Re**al cancer is cancer of the last several inches of the colon. Together, they're often referred to as colore**al cancers.
Most cases of colon cancer begin as small, noncancerous (benign) clumps of cells called adenomatous polyps. Over time some of these polyps become colon cancers.
Polyps may be small and produce few, if any, symptoms. For this reason, doctors recommend regular screening tests to help prevent colon cancer by identifying polyps before they become colon cancer.
Signs and symptoms of colon cancer include:
◘ A change in your bowel habits, including diarrhea or constipation or a change in the consistency of your stool
◘ Re**al bleeding or blood in your stool
◘ Persistent abdominal discomfort, such as cramps, gas or pain
◘ A feeling that your bowel doesn't empty completely
◘ Weakness or fatigue
◘ Unexplained weight loss
Many people with colon cancer experience no symptoms in the early stages of the disease. When symptoms appear, they'll likely vary, depending on the cancer's size and location in your large intestine.
○ When to see a doctor
If you notice any symptoms of colon cancer, such as blood in your stool or a persistent change in bowel habits, make an appointment with your doctor.
Talk to your doctor about when you should begin screening for colon cancer. Guidelines generally recommend colon cancer screenings begin at age 50. Your doctor may recommend more frequent or earlier screening if you have other risk factors, such as a family history of the disease.
In most cases, it's not clear what causes colon cancer. Doctors know that colon cancer occurs when healthy cells in the colon become altered.
Healthy cells grow and divide in an orderly way to keep your body functioning normally. But when a cell is damaged and becomes cancerous, cells continue to divide — even when new cells aren't needed. These cancer cells can invade and destroy normal tissue nearby. And cancerous cells can travel to other parts of the body.
○ Precancerous growths in the colon
Colon cancer most often begins as clumps of precancerous cells (polyps) on the inside lining of the colon. Polyps can appear mushroom-shaped, or they can be flat or recessed into the wall of the colon. Removing polyps before they become cancerous can prevent colon cancer.
○ Inherited gene mutations that increase the risk of colon cancer
Inherited gene mutations that increase the risk of colon cancer can be passed through families, but these inherited genes are linked to only a small percentage of colon cancers. Inherited gene mutations don't make cancer inevitable, but they can increase an individual's risk of cancer significantly.
The most common forms of inherited colon cancer syndromes are:
◘ Familial adenomatous polyposis (FAP). FAP is a rare disorder that causes you to develop thousands of polyps in the lining of your colon and re**um. People with untreated FAP have a greatly increased risk of developing colon cancer before age 40.
◘ Hereditary nonpolyposis colore**al cancer (HNPCC). HNPCC, also called Lynch syndrome, increases the risk of colon cancer and other cancers. People with HNPCC tend to develop colon cancer before age 50.
FAP, HNPCC and other, rarer inherited colon cancer syndromes can be detected through genetic testing. If you're concerned about your family's history of colon cancer, talk to your doctor about whether your family history suggests you have a risk of these conditions.
Factors that may increase your risk of colon cancer include:
◘ age. The great majority of people diagnosed with colon cancer are older than 50. Colon cancer can occur in younger people, but it occurs much less frequently.
◘ African-American race. African-Americans have a greater risk of colon cancer than do people of other races.
◘ A personal history of **al cancer or polyps. If you've already had colon cancer or adenomatous polyps, you have a greater risk of colon cancer in the future.
◘ intestinal conditions. inflammatory diseases of the colon, such as ulcerative colitis and Crohn's disease, can increase your risk of colon cancer.
◘ Inherited syndromes that increase colon cancer risk. Genetic syndromes passed through generations of your family can increase your risk of colon cancer. These syndromes include familial adenomatous polyposis and hereditary nonpolyposis colore**al cancer, which is also known as syndrome.
◘ Family history of colon cancer and colon polyps. You're more likely to develop colon cancer if you have a parent, sibling or child with the disease. If more than one family member has colon cancer or re**al , your risk is even greater. In some cases, this connection may not be hereditary or genetic. Instead, cancers within the same family may result from shared exposure to an environmental carcinogen or from diet or lifestyle factors.
◘ -fiber, high-fat diet. Colon cancer and re**al cancer may be associated with a diet low in fiber and high in fat and calories. Research in this area has had mixed results. Some studies have found an increased risk of colon cancer in people who eat diets high in red meat.
◘ A sedentary . If you're inactive, you're more likely to develop colon cancer. Getting regular physical activity may reduce your risk of colon cancer.
◘ . People with diabetes and insulin resistance may have an increased risk of colon cancer.
◘ . People who are obese have an increased risk of colon cancer and an increased risk of dying of colon cancer when compared with people considered normal weight.
◘ . People who smoke ci******es may have an increased risk of colon cancer.
◘ . Heavy use of alcohol may increase your risk of colon cancer.
◘ therapy for cancer. Radiation therapy directed at the abdomen to treat previous cancers may increase the risk of colon cancer.
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◘ Preparing for your appointment
If your doctor suspects you may have colon cancer, you'll likely be referred to specialists who treat colon cancer. You may meet with a number of specialists, including a:
○ Doctor who treats digestive diseases (gastroenterologist)
○ Doctor who treats cancer (oncologist)
○ Doctor who removes colon cancer using surgery (surgeon)
○ Doctor who uses radiation to treat cancer (radiation oncologist)
Because appointments can be brief, and because there's often a lot of ground to cover, it's a good idea to be well prepared. Here's some information to help you get ready, and know what to expect from your doctor.
◘ What you can do
○ Be aware of any pre-appointment restrictions. At the time you make the appointment, be sure to ask if there's anything you need to do in advance, such as restrict your diet.
○ Write down any symptoms you're experiencing, including any that may seem unrelated to the reason for which you scheduled the appointment.
○ Write down key personal information, including any major stresses or recent life changes.
○ Make a list of all medications, vitamins or supplements that you're taking.
○ Consider taking a family member or friend along. Sometimes it can be difficult to take in all the information provided during an appointment. Someone who accompanies you may remember something that you missed or forgot.
○ Write down questions to ask your doctor.
Your time with your doctor is limited, so preparing a list of questions will help you make the most of your time together. List your questions from most important to least important in case time runs out. For colon cancer, some basic questions to ask your doctor include:
• Where is my colon cancer located in my colon?
• What is the stage of my colon cancer?
• Can you explain my pathology report to me?
• Can I have a copy of my pathology report?
• Has my colon cancer spread to other parts of my body?
• Will I need more tests?
• What are the treatment options for my colon cancer?
• Will any of the treatments cure my colon cancer?
• What is the chance that my colon cancer will be cured?
• How much does each treatment increase my chances that my colon cancer will be cured?
• What are the potential side effects of each treatment?
• How will each treatment affect my daily life?
• Is there one treatment you feel is best for me?
• What would you recommend to a family member or friend in my same situation?
• How much time can I take to make my decision about treatment?
• Should I seek a second opinion?
• Should I see a specialist? What will that cost, and will my insurance cover it?
• Are there any brochures or other printed material that I can take with me? What websites do you recommend?
• Do my siblings or my children have an increased risk of colon cancer?
In addition to the questions that you've prepared to ask your doctor, don't hesitate to ask questions during your appointment.
◘ What to expect from your doctor
Your doctor is likely to ask you a number of questions. Being ready to answer them may allow time to cover other points you want to address. Your doctor may ask:
• When did you first begin experiencing symptoms?
• Have your symptoms been continuous or occasional?
• How severe are your symptoms?
• What, if anything, seems to improve your symptoms?
• What, if anything, appears to worsen your symptoms?
• Do you have a family history of colon cancer or other cancers?
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Now, you see what will happen to you when you consult to doctor and knowing all about the information about your colon.
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