27/10/2025
✅ Ankle Position Deformities
These primarily relate to the position of the ankle and heel relative to the leg.
👉 Equinus: The foot is in a fixed or limited plantarflexion (pointing down) position, meaning the ankle can't easily dorsiflex (bend up towards the shin). This often results in walking on the toes or the ball of the foot.
👉 Calcaneus: The foot is in a fixed or limited dorsiflexion (pointing up) position, preventing normal plantarflexion. This means the heel may be the only part of the foot that touches the ground during walking.
👉 Varus: The heel or the foot is angled inward, towards the midline of the body, causing the person to bear weight more on the outer edge of the foot.
👉 Valgus: The heel or the foot is angled outward, away from the midline of the body, causing the person to bear weight more on the inner edge of the foot.
✅ Arch Deformities
These relate to the height and structure of the longitudinal arch of the foot.
👉 Cavus: Characterized by an abnormally high arch (supinated foot). This often concentrates weight on the heel and the ball of the foot, which can lead to pain and instability.
👉 Planus: Characterized by an abnormally low or absent arch (pronated foot), commonly known as flat feet. The entire sole of the foot may be in contact with the ground.
✅ Forefoot Deformity
👉 Splay: Refers to a condition where the forefoot (the area including the toes and metatarsals) has become abnormally wide or spread out. The toes may be noticeably separated.
These conditions can be congenital (present from birth) or acquired due to injury, disease, or muscular imbalances.
