19/10/2023
Liver function is canonically measured by several enzymes, including alanine aminotransferase (ALT), aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alkaline phosphatase (ALP), gamma-glutamyltransferase (GGT), and leucine aminopeptidase (LAP). In particular, lactic dehydrogenase (LDH) is a widely accepted indicator of liver injury. In addition, serum total protein (TP), liver glycogen, bile secretion, and the metabolic capacity of the liver to indocyanine green (ICG), bilirubin (BIL), fat, and alcohol can also be used to assess the severity of liver injury. On the one hand, PE decreases the serum levels of ALT, AST, ALP, GGT, LDH, total bilirubin (TBIL), cholesterol (CHOL), triglyceride (TG), and non-esterified fatty acid (NEFA), and increases hepatic phospholipid and serum TP levels . On the other hand, PE enhances the metabolic actions of the liver to bromosulfalein (BSP), iron, and alcohol, such as facilitating the scavenging of BSP and alcohol, decreasing hepatic iron deposition, and recovering the urine iron concentration. Bile promotes the digestion and absorption of fat and fat-soluble vitamins secreted by hepatocytes. PE facilitates hepatic bile secretion by promoting sphincter movement and gallbladder contraction. Moreover, PE supplementation decreases exercise-induced serum lactate elevation, increases hepatic glycogen content, alcohol dehydrogenase (ADH) and acetaldehyde dehydrogenase (ALDH) activity, and decreases the area under the curve (AUC) and the maximal concentration (Cmax) of alcohol. However, the level of LDH increased in serum after administering PE in a report on alcohol-induced liver injury. The reason is that LDH is widely distributed in all organs, especially in the heart, liver, and muscle. After a single administration of ethanol and PE, the level of LDH in serum cannot change significantly, and the elevation of LDH might indicate liver diseases, malignancies, heart diseases, and hematological diseases .
In addition, a hepatoprotective agent with the placenta as an adjuvant can also reduce ALT, AST, ALP, and TBIL levels in serum. After CP-MSC transplantation in the liver, the ICG metabolism increased and returned to normal levels, and TBIL levels decreased. The placenta-derived stem cells (PDSCs) uptake ICG, store glucose as glycogen, and generate urea. These effects are observed either by pretreatment or incubation with PE over the entire culture period, which indicates that PE could promote PDSCs’ differentiation into hepatocytes and exhibit some hepatocellular functions. In a study, the intravenous administration of PE was superior to subcutaneous administration, which was related to drug adsorption speculatively. Interestingly, PE had different effects on AST in freshly isolated and primary cultured hepatocytes. The former increased while the latter decreased, possibly because the isolated hepatocyte membrane was damaged, and due to the additional effect of PE on the membrane; moreover, the therapeutic effect of PE is attenuated after pasteurization, presumably due to the inactivation of some components by high temperatures. In conclusion, PE can improve liver function by reducing liver enzyme levels and restoring the liver metabolism, synthesis, and secretion functions of BIL, fat, and alcohol.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9737791/ #:~:text=PE%20Improves%20Liver%20Inflammation&text=Supplementation%20of%20PE%20reduces%20the,74%2C75%2C88%5D.
