Medical Information

10/04/2026

Inna Lillahi wa inna ilayhi raji’un… 😢 Fahmida Laghari, a talented 3rd-year MBBS student of Muhammad Medical College Mirpurkhas, has sadly passed away. Her family shared that she had been under severe pressure and distress due to the actions of some teachers and students, which deeply affected her mental health. Fahmida, always a bright student and top performer, faced challenges no young student should endure.

Her father, Intizar Hussain Laghari, and other close relatives revealed that she had been struggling for months. They shared how her father had raised complaints with the college authorities to protect her, but the situation remained unresolved, adding to the family’s grief.

Her younger sister, Muqadas Laghari, requested that Fahmida’s story be shared to help other students stay safe and prevent similar hardships. “She wanted her voice to save others,” Muqadas said, her words full of sadness.

Dr Musadaq Laghari, her maternal uncle, described Fahmida as an exceptionally bright and disciplined student. He explained how certain individuals had caused her unnecessary stress, using unfair means to pressure her, including social media platforms. He called her death a tragic loss of a gifted young life.

Authorities have taken notice, forming a special investigation team to ensure justice and security for the family. Many people have condemned this loss and are calling for awareness to protect students everywhere. The hope is that such tragedies are never repeated.

06/04/2026

Most strokes don’t start with something dramatic.

No collapse. No warning sirens.

Sometimes it’s just… off.

You notice your words aren’t coming out right.
Your arm feels weak for a second.
Your face looks slightly uneven in the mirror.

Easy to ignore.

But inside the brain, something serious is happening.

A tiny blood clot blocks an artery—cutting off oxygen to part of the brain. Within minutes, that tissue starts to shut down.

That darker area in the image?
That’s brain cells already being injured.

And here’s the part most people underestimate:

The damage doesn’t wait.

Every minute a stroke goes untreated, millions of neurons are lost. What could have been reversible becomes permanent—affecting speech, movement, memory… sometimes for life.

This is why recognizing early signs matters more than anything:

– Face drooping
– Arm weakness
– Speech difficulty

If you see even one of these, don’t wait to see if it improves.

Call emergency services immediately.

Because in a stroke, time isn’t just important—
it’s brain function you may never get back.

02/03/2026

🧠 Cranial Nerves (I–XII) :-

Cranial nerves are 12 paired nerves that arise directly from the brain and brainstem.
They control smell, vision, eye movements, facial sensation, hearing, swallowing, and tongue movements.

25/02/2026

🟡 **Removal of a Fascinating Cholesterol Gallstone!**
What does it resemble? 🥚

---

🫀 **Gallbladder Anatomy**

The gallbladder is a small, pear-shaped organ located on the right side of the abdomen, just beneath the liver.

Its function:
• Stores bile
• Concentrates bile
• Releases bile into the small intestine for fat digestion

---

🧪 **What Are Gallstones Made Of?**

Gallstones vary in:
• Shape
• Size
• Quantity
• Composition

They may contain different proportions of:
• Cholesterol
• Bile salts
• Lecithin
• Bilirubin

🟡 **Cholesterol stones account for > 85% of gallstones.**

---

⚗️ **How Do Cholesterol Stones Form?**

For cholesterol stones to form:

✔ Bile must be supersaturated with cholesterol
✔ Nucleation must occur
✔ Crystals must grow and aggregate

Normally, cholesterol is water-insoluble.
It becomes soluble by combining with:

• Bile salts
• Lecithin

This forms **mixed micelles**.

When this balance is disrupted:

• Excess cholesterol secretion
• Decreased bile salts
• Decreased lecithin

➡ Cholesterol precipitates as microcrystals
➡ Crystals aggregate
➡ Stones form

---

🎨 **Stone Appearance & Composition**

🟡 Yellow & soft → High cholesterol
⚫ Black → High bilirubin
⚪ Hard → More bile salt components

---

⚠️ **What Happens When a Stone Blocks?**

🟠 **Cystic Duct Obstruction**

If a gallstone blocks the cystic duct:

• Bile cannot exit
• Gallbladder wall tension increases
• Pain occurs → **Biliary colic**

If obstruction persists > few hours:

➡ Acute cholecystitis (gallbladder inflammation)

---

🔴 **Choledocholithiasis**

When a stone passes from:

Gallbladder → Cystic duct → Common bile duct

This is called **choledocholithiasis**.

It may lead to:

• Jaundice
• Cholangitis
• Pancreatitis

---

🧠 **Clinical Insight**

Because stone migration determines symptoms, location matters more than size.

---

💬 Engagement Question:

What does this cholesterol stone resemble to you? 🥚

Drop your answer below 👇

---

16/02/2026

08/02/2026

Haemorrhoids

1. Definition

Haemorrhoids are swollen and inflamed veins in the a**l ca**l.
They can be:
• Internal haemorrhoids – above dentate line
• External haemorrhoids – below dentate line
• Thrombosed external haemorrhoids – painful clot inside an external haemorrhoid

2. Symptoms (Easy to Remember)

Internal
• Painless bright-red bleeding
• Mucus discharge
• Feeling of incomplete evacuation
• Prolapse (may reduce spontaneously or need manual reduction)

External
• Painful swelling at a**l verge
• Itching/irritation
• If thrombosed: sudden severe pain + bluish lump

3. Diagnosis

Mainly clinical (inspection + digital re**al exam + anoscopy).

Tests to rule out other causes of bleeding:
• CBC (if heavy bleeding)
• Colonoscopy for red flags (age >40, weight loss, anemia, family history of colore**al cancer)

4. Differential Diagnosis

Always think of other causes of re**al bleeding:
• A**l fissure (painful bleeding)
• Re**al prolapse
• Colore**al cancer
• Inflammatory bowel disease
• Diverticular bleeding
• Polyps
• Peria**l abscess

5. Treatment (Step-Wise & Easy)

A. Conservative (First-line)
• High-fiber diet + fiber supplements
• Plenty of water
• Avoid straining
• Sitz baths (warm water sitting)
• Topical treatments (hydrocortisone, lidocaine)
• Stool softeners

B. Office Procedures (If persistent symptoms)
• Rubber band ligation (best for internal)
• Sclerotherapy
• Infrared coagulation

C. Surgical (Severe/Grade IV or thrombosed external)
• Haemorrhoidectomy
• Stapled haemorrhoidopexy (for prolapsing internal haemorrhoids)
• For thrombosed external haemorrhoids: excision within 72 hours relieves pain quickly.

6. Follow-Up
• Reassess in 4–6 weeks after lifestyle and medical therapy
• After procedures, follow-up to check healing and recurrence
• Educate on long-term fiber intake to prevent recurrence
• Evaluate for other causes of bleeding if symptoms persist

14/11/2025

08/11/2025

🫁 Pulmonary Embolism: When Blood Stops and Air Runs Out

A pulmonary embolism happens when a blood clot blocks an artery in the lungs. This blockage prevents normal blood flow, making it hard for oxygen to reach the body — a silent and sudden threat that can become life-threatening in seconds.

05/10/2025

27/09/2025

04/09/2025

Follow me

04/09/2025

🫁 Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome (ARDS) is a life-threatening condition where the lungs become severely inflamed and filled with fluid, leading to acute hypoxemic respiratory failure.

It usually develops within hours to days after a triggering illness or injury.

🫁Definition (Berlin Criteria)
• Acute onset: within 1 week of a known clinical insult
• Chest imaging: Bilateral opacities (not explained by effusion, collapse, or nodules)
• Origin of edema: Not fully explained by heart failure or fluid overload
• Oxygenation (PaO₂/FiO₂ ratio with PEEP ≥5 cm H₂O):
• Mild: 200–300 mmHg
• Moderate: 100–200 mmHg
• Severe: