Veterinary Doctor

28/09/2025

Animals 💞are better than humans.😊💕 # World Vets

07/08/2025

𝐇𝐨𝐰 𝐈𝐬 𝐂𝐨𝐰’𝐬 𝐌𝐢𝐥𝐤 𝐏𝐫𝐨𝐝𝐮𝐜𝐞𝐝?

Milk production in cows is a fascinating natural process that begins only after a cow gives birth. Here’s a step-by-step look at how it works:

1️⃣ Hormonal Changes After Calving

Once a cow calves (gives birth), her body releases specific hormones—especially prolactin—which stimulate the mammary glands to start producing milk.

2️⃣ Role of the Mammary Glands

The udder contains tiny milk-producing units called alveoli. These sacs are lined with epithelial cells that draw nutrients—such as water, proteins, fats, and sugars—from the cow’s blood and convert them into milk.

3️⃣ The Milk Let-Down Reflex

When a calf suckles or the cow is milked, the hormone oxytocin is released. This causes the muscles around the alveoli to contract, pushing milk through ducts toward the teats, where it can be collected.

4️⃣ What’s in Cow’s Milk?

Fresh cow’s milk is a nutrient-rich fluid made up of:

Water (~87%)

Lactose (milk sugar)

Proteins (casein & whey)

Fat

Vitamins & minerals (especially calcium, phosphorus, vitamin B₁₂)

5️⃣ Maintaining Milk Production ♻️

As long as the cow is milked regularly, hormonal signals keep stimulating milk production. If milking stops, production will gradually decrease.

📌 Fun Fact:
A cow must give birth at least once to produce milk. Dairy cows are often bred again while still lactating to sustain the production cycle.

📚 Reference:
National Research Council (NRC). Nutrient Requirements of Dairy Cattle. 7th Rev. Ed., National Academies Press, Washington, D.C., 2001.

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Diseases of Teats......

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General symbols uses daily

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Common Diseases

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Incubation period

23/04/2022

10/01/2022

Traumatic Reticulitis ( metal objects, which have been eaten by the cow)

Cause
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Traumatic reticulitis is primarily a disease of adult cattle. It occurs when pieces of wire, or other sharp metal objects, which have been eaten by the cow along with its food pe*****te the reticulum wall (as a result of the contractions during the cudding process).

Infection spreads along the wire to the surrounding abdomen, producing an abscess and adhesions. In some cases the wire will pe*****te into the chest of the animal causing abscess in the chest, and in severe cases infection of the outside of the heart (pericarditis).

Compression of the ruminoreticulum by the uterus in late pregnancy, straining during parturition, and mounting during estrus increase the likelihood of an initial pe*******on of the reticulum and may also disrupt adhesions caused by an earlier pe*******on.

Symptoms
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Reduced feed intake
Reduced milk yield
Abdominal pain, reluctance to move
Shallow breathing
Moaning - sounds of pain
Initially temperature could be increased

Treatment
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Treatment of the typical case seen early in its course may be surgical or medical. Either approach improves the chances of recovery.

Surgery involves rumenotomy with manual removal of the object or objects; if an abscess is adhered to the reticulum, it should be aspirated (to confirm that it is an abscess) and then drained into the reticulum. Antibiotics should be administered perioperatively. Medical treatment involves administration of antibacterials to control the peritonitis and a magnet to prevent recurrence.

In severely affected cases, particularly those with pericarditis, animals should be humanely slaughtered as soon as possible as treatment will almost certainly be ineffective.

Injections of anti-inflammatories can significantly improve cow wellbeing and help to restore the cow to normal production more quickly.

Prevention
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Preventive measures include avoiding the us