Medical laboratory scientist

01/12/2025

29/11/2025

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29/11/2025

Types of anemia

Types of anemia include iron-deficiency, vitamin-deficiency, aplastic, hemolytic, and anemia of chronic disease. Other types are inherited conditions like sickle cell anemia and thalassemia, or are categorized by red blood cell size, such as microcytic, normocytic, and macrocytic anemias.

Common types Iron-deficiency anemia: The most common type, it results from insufficient iron in the body, often due to poor diet or blood loss.

Vitamin-deficiency anemia: Occurs when there is a lack of certain vitamins, particularly folate (\(B_{9}\)) or vitamin \(B_{12}\).

Pernicious anemia: A type of vitamin \(B_{12}\) deficiency where the body can't absorb vitamin \(B_{12}\) due to a lack of intrinsic factor in the stomach.

Aplastic anemia: Occurs when the bone marrow doesn't produce enough blood cells, including red blood cells.

Hemolytic anemia: Happens when red blood cells are destroyed faster than the body can produce them.
Anemia of chronic disease: Anemia that develops as a result of a chronic illness, such as kidney disease or cancer.

Inherited types Sickle cell anemia: A genetic disorder that causes red blood cells to become rigid and sickle-shaped. Thalassemia: A group of inherited disorders that affects the body's ability to produce hemoglobin.

Other classifications By red blood cell size: Anemias can also be classified by the size of the red blood cells. Microcytic anemia: Red blood cells are smaller than normal.

Normocytic anemia: Red blood cells are of normal size but are insufficient in number. Macrocytic anemia: Red blood cells are abnormally large.

29/11/2025

Right side heart failure
Singh and symptoms.

29/11/2025

29/11/2025

What is the name of this cell?

29/11/2025

🦠 Gram Stain Bacterial Morphology🦠

💐 Gram-positive cocci : appear as purple, spherical bacteria.
🍁 Gram-negative : rods are pink, rod-shaped bacteria.

🌺 Microscopic examination 🔸Gram-positive cocci arranged in clusters, characteristic of Staphylococcus species.
🔸 Gram-negative rods that were singly dispersed, indicating a common Enterobacteriaceae.
🔸 Gram-positive, chain-forming cocci, suggestive of Streptococcus.
🔸 Gram-negative diplococci, which are often associated with Neisseria infections. 🔸Gram-negative pleomorphic rods, meaning they varied in shape.

🌹 Sentences combining morphology and arrangement 🌹
💥 1. Gram Stain :
Gram-positive (purple) or Gram-negative (pink/red)
💥2. Shape:
Cocci (spherical), rods (bacilli), coccobacilli (oval), spirilla (spiral), spirochetes (tightly coiled)
💥3. Arrangement (if specific): Clusters, chains, pairs (diplococci/diplobacilli), singles, palisades.

29/11/2025

Types of s***m malformations.

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28/11/2025

Pakistani Healthcare Professionals Required in Malaysia

Job Portal: Interested applicants can apply via OEC's website https://oec.gov.pk/.
• Online Pre-Screening Interview: Shortlisted candidates will be invited to an online pre-screening interview.
• On-Site Interview: Candidates who successfully pass the online stage will be required to attend an on-site interview
as the second step.
• Help-Desk Team: for technical support, contact the OEC-Helpdesk team at UAN: 0311-0011-632 or Email:
helpdesk@oec.gov.pk
• The applicant will submit/attach the deposited Bank challan amounting to Rs. 1000/- generated at the time of online
application submission.
Closing Date: 15th December, 2025.