Medical Lab technologist

29/10/2025

😱🤔

28/10/2025

28/10/2025

جو MDCAT نہ کرسکے سب کو مبارکباد دیتا ہو

� جب تنخواہ لاکھ سے کم ہو تو ہاسٹل میں جگہ نہیں ملتی، اور جب ڈگریاں لے لو تو بے روزگاری منہ چڑاتی ہے… تو ایسے ڈاکٹر بننے کا آخر کیا فائدہ؟

یہ سوال آج ہر اُس نوجوان کے دل میں گونجتا ہے جس نے اپنی زندگی کا سب سے قیمتی وقت خدمتِ خلق کے خواب کے ساتھ قربان کر دیا۔

12 سال کی محنت سے اسکول کے نمبر حاصل کرو، ایف ایس سی میں ٹاپ کرو، پھر لاکھوں کے ساتھ MDCAT کی دوڑ میں شامل ہو جاؤ۔
کامیاب ہو بھی جاؤ تو خوش مت ہو… ابھی تو صرف پہلا دروازہ کھلا ہے۔

پھر پانچ سال، جنہیں دنیا کی سب سے حسین عمر کہا جاتا ہے، تم ایم بی بی ایس کی کتابوں میں دفن کر دیتے ہو۔
نہ نیند پوری، نہ کھانا وقت پر۔ امتحان، وارڈ، وائوا، فیل ہونے کا خوف — کسی دن کا سکون نہیں۔

پھر ہاؤس جاب ،جہاں دن رات کی تمیز ختم ہو جاتی ہے۔
نیند، ذاتی زندگی، صحت… سب قربان۔ عید، بقرعید، شبِ برات سب ہسپتال کی چار دیواری میں گزر جاتی ہیں۔

پھر پوسٹ گریجوایشن — ایک اور جنگ۔
پھر 4 سے 5 سال کی طویل ٹریننگ، جہاں تمہاری زندگی دوسروں کے لیے وقف ہو جاتی ہے، اور بدلے میں صرف ایک جملہ ملتا ہے: “مزید محنت کرو”۔

اور آخر میں وہ دن آتا ہے جب تم نوکری کے اہل ہو جاتے ہو…
اور تب احساس ہوتا ہے کہ یہ تو وہ ملک ہے جہاں ڈاکٹر ہونا جرم ہے۔

لوگ تمہیں دیکھ کر کہتے ہیں:
“ڈاکٹر تو قصائی ہوتے ہیں”،
“کمیشن کھاتے ہیں”،
“مہنگی دوا لکھ دی”،
“ہمیں لفٹ نہیں کرائی”…
العرض نوکری کے نام پر بلیک ملنگ، دھمکیاں،بھتہ،اے سی،ڈی سی،سیاستدان!!!!یہ چکر الگ ہوتے ہیں کیونکہ سستی شہرت کیلئے سب ہسپتال کا رخ کرتے ہیں۔

نہ تمہارے 25 سال کی قربانی کو کوئی جانتا ہے،
نہ تمہارے انفیکشن ایکسپوژر کو،
نہ رات کی ڈیوٹی کے بعد تمہاری آنکھوں کے سوجے ہوئے حلقوں کو۔

قصور؟
بس اتنا کہ تم نے ایک عزت دار اور خدمت والا پیشہ چُنا۔

اگر تم بھی کسی کرپٹ سیاستدان یا مکار تاجر کی راہ پر چلتے،
تو بینر تمہارے بھی لگتے، نعرے تمہارے بھی لگتے۔

یہ وہ ملک ہے جہاں علم کو عزت نہیں، جہالت کو داد ملتی ہے۔
جہاں قابل افراد کو مجبور کر دیا جاتا ہے کہ وہ سب کچھ چھوڑ کر پردیس کی راہ لیں۔

یہ صدی واقعی اہلِ علم کے لیے تنہائی، خاموشی اور بےقدری کی صدی ہے۔
اور ایک دن یہ ملک اپنے ہی بہترین دماغوں کو کھو دے گا…
ہمیشہ کے لیے۔ 💔 اور وہ دن اچکا ہے۔

28/10/2025

ALL vs AML

28/10/2025

Hepatitis B Surface Antigen (HBsAg) Test
1. Objective:
The objective of this test was to detect the presence of Hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) in the patient’s serum or plasma, which indicated an active Hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection.
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2. Principle:
The principle of the HBsAg test was based on an immunochromatographic or enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) technique.
In ELISA, the wells were coated with antibodies specific to HBsAg. When the patient’s serum was added, any HBsAg present bound to these antibodies. A secondary enzyme-labeled antibody was then added to form an antigen–antibody–enzyme complex. When substrate was added, a color change occurred, indicating a positive result.
In rapid card tests, HBsAg in the sample bound to colored antibodies on the test strip, producing a visible line.
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3. Materials:
• Patient’s serum or plasma sample
• HBsAg test kit (ELISA plate or rapid test device)
• Positive and negative control sera
• Wash buffer (for ELISA)
• Enzyme-conjugated antibody reagent
• Substrate solution (e.g., TMB)
• Stop solution (e.g., 1N H₂SO₄)
• Micropipettes and tips
• Timer
• ELISA reader or visual observation setup
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4. Procedure (Microscopic / ELISA Observation):
1. The test device or ELISA wells were labeled for patient and control samples.
2. Patient’s serum was added to the test well or sample port.
3. The device or plate was incubated at room temperature to allow antigen–antibody binding.
4. For ELISA, the wells were washed to remove unbound material.
5. Enzyme-linked antibody conjugate was added and incubated again.
6. Substrate solution was added to produce a color reaction.
7. The reaction was stopped with stop solution, and absorbance was read at 450 nm using an ELISA reader.
8. In rapid card tests, results were read visually within 15–20 minutes by observing colored lines.
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5. Result:
• Positive: A visible color change in ELISA or two colored lines (test and control) on the rapid device indicated the presence of HBsAg — suggesting infection with Hepatitis B virus.
• Negative: No color change or only one control line indicated the absence of HBsAg.
• Invalid: Absence of control line required retesting with a new device.
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6. Uses:
• It was used for diagnosis of acute or chronic Hepatitis B infection.
• Helped in screening blood donors to prevent HBV transmission.
• Used to monitor treatment response and disease progression in infected patients.
• Assisted in epidemiological studies of Hepatitis B prevalence.
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7. Consultation:
Patients showing a positive HBsAg result were advised to consult a hepatologist or physician for further evaluation. Confirmatory tests like HBV DNA PCR, HBeAg, and Liver Function Tests (LFT) were recommended to assess viral activity and liver damage. Vaccination and counseling were advised for close contacts and family members.

28/10/2025

A*O Titre (Antistreptolysin O Test)
1. Objective:
The objective of this test was to detect and measure antistreptolysin O (A*O) antibodies in the patient’s serum, which indicated a recent or past infection with Streptococcus pyogenes.
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2. Principle:
The principle of the A*O test was based on the neutralization reaction.
Streptococcus pyogenes produces streptolysin O, a hemolytic toxin. The patient’s serum may contain antibodies (A*O) that neutralize streptolysin O, preventing it from lysing red blood cells. The degree of neutralization correlates with the concentration of A*O antibodies in the serum.
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3. Materials:
• Patient’s serum sample
• Streptolysin O reagent
• Sheep or human red blood cells (RBCs)
• Standard control sera (positive and negative)
• Test tubes or microtiter plate
• Incubator (37°C)
• Pipettes and micropipette tips
• Timer
• Water bath (optional, for precise temperature control)
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4. Procedure (Microscopic / Tube Observation):
1. Patient serum was serially diluted in test tubes or microtiter wells.
2. Streptolysin O reagent was added to each diluted serum sample.
3. The mixture was incubated at 37°C for 1–2 hours to allow antibody–antigen interaction.
4. Washed sheep or human RBCs were added to the tubes.
5. Tubes were incubated again to allow hemolysis.
6. The degree of hemolysis or lack of hemolysis was observed.
7. The highest dilution showing complete neutralization of hemolysis was recorded as the A*O titre.
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5. Result:
• Positive: Elevated A*O titre indicated a recent or ongoing streptococcal infection, commonly associated with rheumatic fever, post-streptococcal glomerulonephritis, or pharyngitis.
• Negative: Low or absent A*O titre indicated no recent streptococcal infection.
• Reference values varied by age and laboratory, but a titre >200 IU/mL in adults was generally considered significant.
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6. Uses:
• It was used to diagnose post-streptococcal complications such as rheumatic fever and glomerulonephritis.
• Assisted in confirming recent streptococcal infections.
• Useful in epidemiological studies of streptococcal infections.
• Monitored treatment response in streptococcal-related diseases.
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7. Consultation:
Patients with a high A*O titre were advised to consult a physician or pediatrician/rheumatologist for further evaluation. Additional clinical assessments, throat swab cultures, and monitoring for cardiac or renal complications were recommended depending on the clinical scenario.

28/10/2025

Reticulocyte Count Test
1. Objective:
The objective of this test was to measure the number of reticulocytes (immature red blood cells) in the blood to evaluate bone marrow activity and red blood cell production.
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2. Principle:
The test was based on supravital staining of reticulocytes. When blood was stained with a dye such as new methylene blue or brilliant cresyl blue, the residual RNA inside reticulocytes appeared as a blue network, allowing them to be counted under a microscope.
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3. Materials:
• EDTA blood sample
• New methylene blue stain (or brilliant cresyl blue)
• Microscope slides and cover slips
• Pasteur pipette or mixing rod
• Microscope
• Immersion oil
• Personal protective equipment (gloves, lab coat)
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4. Procedure (Microscopic):
1. Equal drops of blood and stain were mixed on a small test tube or slide.
2. The mixture was incubated at room temperature for 10–15 minutes.
3. A thin blood smear was prepared from the stained mixture and air-dried.
4. The smear was examined under the microscope using the oil immersion objective.
5. Reticulocytes were identified by the presence of blue-stained network or granules inside the cells.
6. The number of reticulocytes was counted among 1,000 red blood cells, and the percentage was calculated.
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5. Result:
Normal range:
• Adults: 0.5 – 1.5% of total RBCs
• Newborns: 2 – 6%
Increased count: Seen in hemolytic anemia, acute blood loss, or response to treatment.
Decreased count: Seen in aplastic anemia, bone marrow suppression, or chronic kidney disease.
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6. Uses:
• It was used to evaluate bone marrow function.
• It helped to monitor response to anemia treatment.
• It assisted in diagnosing different types of anemia.
• It was used after blood transfusion or therapy to assess recovery.
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7. Consultation:
If the reticulocyte count was abnormal, the patient was advised to consult a hematologist for further evaluation and management of underlying blood or bone marrow disorders.

28/10/2025

White Blood Cells (WBCs) are an essential part of the immune system, helping to fight infections and diseases. Here's an overview:

Types of WBCs:
1. *Neutrophils* (50-70%): Primary defenders against bacterial infections.
2. *Lymphocytes* (20-40%): Key players in immune responses, including T-cells and B-cells.
3. *Monocytes* (5-10%): Mature into macrophages, which engulf foreign particles.
4. *Eosinophils* (1-4%): Involved in fighting parasites and allergic reactions.
5. *Basophils* (

27/10/2025

Different between CRP and ESR???

27/10/2025

Inshallah we will start the lecture on this page, which subject should we start first after seeing our choice
Haematology
Microbiology
Molecular biology
Blood banking
Chemical pathology 😍

27/10/2025

Where do you guys work and what is your favorite section .for example Hematology .microbiology .biochemistry .write in comment below