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ECG Basics!Follow us on Tiktok :
22/02/2026


ECG Basics!
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𝙁𝙧𝙖𝙢𝙞𝙣𝙜𝙝𝙖𝙢 𝘾𝙧𝙞𝙩𝙚𝙧𝙞𝙖 for 𝘿𝙞𝙖𝙜𝙣𝙤𝙨𝙞𝙨 𝙤𝙛 𝙃𝙁
22/02/2026

𝙁𝙧𝙖𝙢𝙞𝙣𝙜𝙝𝙖𝙢 𝘾𝙧𝙞𝙩𝙚𝙧𝙞𝙖 for 𝘿𝙞𝙖𝙜𝙣𝙤𝙨𝙞𝙨 𝙤𝙛 𝙃𝙁

20/02/2026

🕌 رمضان میں روزہ اور دل کے مریض — اہم پیغام
درج ذیل مریضوں کو روزہ نہیں رکھنا چاہیے:
جنہیں پچھلے 4 سے 6 ہفتوں میں دل کا دورہ (ہارٹ اٹیک) یا شدید سینے کا درد ہوا ہو
جن کی حال ہی میں انجیوپلاسٹی / سٹنٹ لگی ہو
جن کا دل کمزور ہو (دل کی طاقت کم ہو)
جنہیں سینے میں درد، سانس پھولنا، یا ٹانگوں میں سوجن رہتی ہو
جن کی دل کی دھڑکن بے ترتیب ہو
جو خون پتلا کرنے والی دوائیں لے رہے ہوں اور خون بہنے کا خطرہ زیادہ ہو
➡️ Who should NOT fast (strongly advised against)
Patients in these categories should be counseled not to fast due to high risk:
Recent ACS (STEMI/NSTEMI or unstable angina) within last 4–6 weeks
Recent PCI (especially

* TIMI_risk_scoreIt is the most commonly used tool for estimating the short-term risk for death and nonfatal myocardial ...
07/02/2026

* TIMI_risk_score

It is the most commonly used tool for estimating the short-term risk for death and nonfatal myocardial infarction in patients with a NSTE-ACS (Table). The TIMI risk score is most useful to assist in deciding whether patients will benefit from an early invasive treatment strategy.

The estimated rates of death and nonfatal myocardial infarction also are useful to counsel patients regarding their risk.

ln patients at low risk (TlMI score of 0-2), practice guidelines recommend an ischemia-guided strategy that utilizes invasive treatment only if medical therapy is ineffective.

Patients at higher risk (TIMI score 3 or greater) are more likely to benefit from an early invasive approach.

06/02/2026

*Restrictive* vs *Constrictive* physiology in cardiology.

*Restrictive Physiology:*
1. LV dyspnea syst + diast.
2. ↑ RV syst pressure.
3. RV syst pressure ratio to pulmonary diastolic pressure > 3 mmHg.
4. RV syst pressure > 50 mmHg.
5. LVEDP > RVEDP.
6. LV compliance ↓ → difference between LVEDP & RVEDP.

*Constrictive Physiology:*
1. Ventricular interdependence.
2. RV syst pressure / pulmonary diast pressure < 3 mmHg.
3. RV syst pressure ↑ as LV pressure ↑.
4. LVEDP = RVEDP.
5. Thick pericardium on CT/MRI.
6. Transvenous endomyocardial biopsy (no) but on resection → cure.

06/02/2026

✅Constrictive pericarditis(CP) vs. Restrictive cardiomyopathy(RCM)

✅1-History:

👉I-CP:
Usually history of TB, cardiac surgery or chest radiotherapy

👉II-RCM:
history suggestive of common etiology as amyloidosis

✅2-Clinical Examination:

Neck veins:
👉-Prominent X and Y desecent can be seen in both
👉-Kussmaul sign (inspiratory filling of neck veins) is common in CP, rare with RCM

✅Precordial examination:
I-CP:
👉Median sternotomy of previous cardiac surgery
👉-Systolic retraction of the apex
-Pericardial Knock

✅II-RCM:
👉-Loud P2
👉-S4
👉-Mitral incompetence murmur
👉Tricuspid incomplete murmur

✅3-ECG:
I-CP:
👉-AF
👉-Low voltage

II-RCM
👉-Conduction disorders
👉-Low voltage
👉-AF
👉-Pseudo infarction pattern(Pathological Q waves in inferior leads)

✅4-Chest X ray:
👉Pericardial calcification with CP

✅5-Echocardiography:
2D:
🌈I-CP:
👉Septal bounce
👉Thickened and or calcified pericardium

🌈II-RCM :
👉2 large atria
👉2 Small ventricles
👉Increased LV thickneing
👉Ground glass apperance (If amyloidosis)
👉Thickneing of AV valves
👉Thickened interatrial septum
👉Pericardial effusion

🟣PW doppler
I-CP:
👉GSignificant respiratory variation in mitral(25%) and tricuspid inflow (40%)

🟢II-RCM:
-👉Restrictive pattern (grade III diastolic dysfunction)

✅CW doppler :

I-CP:
👉-Estimated pulmonary artery systolic pressure less than 50mmHg

II-RCM
👉-Estimated pulmonary artery systolic pressure more than 5mmHg.

✅TDI:

1-CP:
👉Medial e prime more than 8cm/sec(very important sign)
👉Annulus inversus(higher Medial TDI velocities when compared with lateral)

2-RCM:
👉Medial e prime velocity less than 8cm/sec( very important sign)
👉-Elevated LV filling pressure) E/e prime ratio

🌈Color:
👉-MR, TR with RCM

👉IVC plethora (Dilated, non collapsed IVC) is present in both and is considered the first key for suspicion.

✅6-Hemodymanically study:
-Dip and plateaue sign in RV pressure tracing (squares root sign) could be find in both
👉👉RVSP more than 50(RCM)
👉👉-RVSP less than 50(CP)

-👉Equalization of LV and RV diastolic pressures (difference is less than 5mmHg) is seen with CP

🟣-Respiratory variation in RV and LV systolic pressure is seen with CP(Discordant) While in RCM, both are concordant

✅7-CT or MRI

⚕Pericardial thickness with CP as well as respiratory variations (With CP)

⚕-Tissue characterization (with RCM)

ECG characteristics of Brugada SyndromeSave → Share → Like & Follow 🔁
04/02/2026

ECG characteristics of Brugada Syndrome
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04/02/2026

Risk Factors for Aor­tic Dis­sec­tion

Fam­ily his­tory of aor­tic dis­sec­tion

Aor­tic growth rate ≥0.3 cm/​y

Aor­tic coarcta­tion

“Root phen­o­type” aor­to­pathy

04/02/2026

In pa­tients with a BAV who are un­der­go­ing sur­gic­al aor­tic valve re­pair or re­place­ment, and who have a dia­met­er of the aor­tic root or as­cend­ing aorta of ≥4.5 cm, con­com­it­ant re­place­ment of the aor­tic root, as­cend­ing aorta, or both is reas­on­able, when per­formed by ex­per­i­enced sur­geons in a Mul­tidiscip­lin­ary Aor­tic Team.

04/02/2026

In pa­tients with a BAV, a dia­met­er of the aor­tic root or as­cend­ing aorta of 5.0 cm to 5.4 cm, and an ad­di­tion­al risk factor for aor­tic dis­sec­tion (Table 14), sur­gery to re­place the aor­tic root, as­cend­ing aorta, or both is reas­on­able, when per­formed by ex­per­i­enced sur­geons in a Mul­tidiscip­lin­ary Aor­tic Team.

04/02/2026

In pa­tients with a BAV and a dia­met­er of the aor­tic root, as­cend­ing aorta, or both of ≥5.5 cm, sur­gery to re­place the aor­tic root, as­cend­ing aorta, or both is re­com­men­ded.

04/02/2026

In pa­tients with a BAV and a cross-​sec­tion­al aor­tic root or as­cend­ing aor­tic area (cm2) to height (m) ra­tio of ≥10 cm2/​m, sur­gery to re­place the aor­tic root, as­cend­ing aorta, or both is reas­on­able, when per­formed by ex­per­i­enced sur­geons in a Mul­tidiscip­lin­ary Aor­tic Team.

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